Hilarius in Matth Salvandorum igitur per Christum orationes Angeli Deo quotidie offerunt: ergo periculose ille contemnitur cuius desideria ac postulationes ad aeternum et invisibilem Deum Angelorum famulatu ac ministerio pervehuntur. Hilary The Angels offer daily to God the prayers of those that are to be saved by Christ; it is therefore perilous to despise him whose desires and requests are conveyed to the eternal and invisible God, by the service and ministry of Angels. Augustinus de Civ. Dei Vel Angeli nostri dicuntur qui sunt Angeli Dei. Dei sunt, quia Deum non reliquerunt; nostri sunt, quia suos cives nos habere coeperunt. Sicut ergo nunc illi vident Deum, ita et nos sumus visuri facie ad faciem: de qua visione dicit Ioannes: videbimus eum sicuti est. Facies enim Dei manifestatio eius intelligenda est; non aliquod tale membrum, quale nos habemus in corpore, atque isto nomine nuncupamus. Aug., City of God, book xxii, ch. 29 They are called our Angels who are indeed the Angels of God; they are Gods because they have not forsaken Him; they are ours because they have begun to have us for their fellow citizens. As they now behold God, so shall we also behold Him face to face, of which vision John speaks, “We shall see Him as he is.” (1 John 3:2) For by the face of God is to be understood the manifestation of Himself, not a member or feature of the body, such as we call by that name. Chrysostomus in Matth Rursus aliam rationem ponit, quare pusilli non sint contemnendi, priore maiorem, dicens venit enim filius hominis salvare quod perierat. Chrys. He gives yet another reason weightier than the foregoing, why the little ones are not to be despised, “For the Son of Man is come to save that which was lost.” Remigius Quasi dicat: non contemnatis pusillos, quia ego pro hominibus homo fieri dignatus sum. Cum enim dicit quod perierat, subintelligendum est genus humanum: omnia enim elementa suum ordinem servant; sed homo erravit, quia suum ordinem perdidit. Remig. As much as to say, Despise not little ones, for I also for men condescended to become man. By “that which was lost,” understand the human race; for all the elements have kept their place, but man was lost, because he has broken his ordained place. Chrysostomus in Matth Deinde ad hanc rationem parabolam copulat, per quam et patrem inducit salutem hominum volentem, dicens quid vobis videtur si fuerint alicui centum oves? Chrys. And to this reasoning He adds a parable, in which He sets forth the Father as seeking the salvation of men, and saying, “What think you, If a man have a hundred sheep.” Gregorius in Evang Hoc ad ipsum auctorem hominum pertinet: quia enim centenarius perfectus est numerus, ipse centum oves habuit, cum Angelorum et hominum substantiam creavit. Greg., Hom. in Ev., xxxiv, 3 This refers to the Creator of man Himself; for a hundred is a perfect number, and He had a hundred sheep when He created the substance of Angels and men. Hilarius in Matth Ovis autem una homo intelligendus est, et sub homine universitas sentienda est; in unius enim Adae errore, omne hominum genus aberravit. Igitur et quaerens hominem Christus est, et nonagintanovem relictae caelestis gloriae multitudo est. Hilary But by the one sheep is to be understood one man, and under this one man is comprehended the whole human race. He that seeks man is Christ, and the ninety and nine are the host of the heavenly glory which He left. Gregorius Dicit autem Evangelista eas relictas in montibus, ut significet in excelsis: quia nimirum oves quae non perierant, in sublimibus stabant. Greg. The Evangelist says they were left “on the mountains,” to signify that the sheep, which were not lost, abode on high. Beda Ovem ergo dominus invenit, quando hominem restauravit; et super eam inventam maius gaudium est in caelo, quam super nonagintanovem: quia maior materia divinae laudis est in restauratione hominum, quam in creatione Angelorum. Mirabiliter enim Angelos creavit, sed mirabilius hominem restauravit. Bede, ap. Anselm The Lord found the sheep when He restored man, and over that sheep that is found there is more joy in heaven than over the ninety and nine, because there is a greater matter for thanksgiving to God in the restoration of man than in the creation of the Angels. Wonderfully are the Angels made, but more wonderfully man restored. Rabanus Nota, quod unum deest a novem ut decem sint, et a nonagintanovem ut centum sint. Variari ergo per brevitatem et magnitudinem numeri possunt, quibus unum deest ut perficiantur; ipsum vero unum sine varietate in se manens, cum accesserit, ceteros perficit. Et ut perfecta summa ovium integraretur in caelo, homo perditus quaerebatur in terra. Raban. Note, that nine wants only one to make it ten, and ninety and nine the same to be a hundred. Thus members which want one only to be perfect, may be larger or smaller, but yet the unit remaining invariable, when it is added makes the rest perfect. And that the number of sheep might be made up perfect in heaven, lost man was sought on earth. Hieronymus Alii vero nonagintanovem ovibus, iustorum putant numerum intelligi, et in una ovicula peccatorum, secundum quod in alio loco dixerat: non veni vocare iustos, sed peccatores. Jerome Others think that by the ninety and nine sheep are understood the number of the righteous, and by the one sheep the sinners according to that said in another place, “I am not come to call the righteous but sinners to repentance.” (Matt 9:13) Gregorius Considerandum autem nobis est cur dominus plus de conversis peccatoribus quam de stantibus iustis gaudium esse fateatur: quia scilicet plerumque pigri remanent ad exercenda bona praecipua qui valde sibi securi sunt, quod nulla commiserunt mala graviora. At contra nonnumquam hi qui se aliquid egisse illicite meminerunt, ex ipso suo dolore compuncti inardescunt in amorem Dei; et quia se errasse a Deo considerant, damna praecedentia lucris subsequentibus recompensant; sic et dux in praelio plus eum militem diligit qui post fugam conversus hostem fortiter premit, quam illum qui nunquam terga praebuit, et nunquam aliquid fortiter fecit. Sed et sunt quidam iusti, de quibus tantum est gaudium ut eis nullus poenitens praeponi possit; qui etsi non sint sibi malorum conscii, tamen licita respuunt, et in omnibus se humiliant. Quantum ergo gaudium est si humiliter plangat iustus, cum gaudium sit si quod male gessit, damnat iniustus? Greg. We must consider whence it is that the Lord declares that He has joy rather over the converted sinners, than over the righteous that stand. Because these last are often slothful and slack to practise the greater good works, as being very secure within themselves, for that they have committed none of the heavier sins. While on the other hand those who have their wicked deeds to remember, do often through the compunction of sorrow glow with the more heat in their love of God, and when they think how they have strayed from Him, they replace their former losses by gains following. So the general in a battle loves best that soldier who turns in his flight and courageously presses the enemy, than him who never turned his back, yet never did any valorous deed. Yet there be some righteous over whom is joy so great, that no penitent can be preferred before them, those, who though not conscious to themselves of sins, yet reject things lawful, and humble themselves in all things. How great is the joy when the righteous mourns, and humbles himself, if there be joy when the unrighteous condemns himself wherein he has done amiss? Beda Vel per nonagintanovem oves quas in montibus reliquit, superbos significat, quibus ad perfectionem unitas deest. Cum ergo invenerit peccatorem, magis super eum gaudet, idest suos gaudere facit, quam super iustos falsos. Bede Or; By the ninety-nine sheep, which He left on the mountains, are signified the proud to whom a unit is still wanting for perfection. When then He has found the sinner, He rejoices over him, that is, He makes his own to rejoice over him, rather than over the false righteous. Hieronymus Quod autem subditur sic non est voluntas, refertur ad superius propositum, de quo dixerat: videte ne contemnatis unum de pusillis istis; et docet idcirco parabolam positam, ut pusilli non contemnantur. In eo autem quod dicit non est voluntas ante patrem, etc., ostendit quod quotiescumque perierit aliquis ex pusillis, non voluntate patris perit. Jerome What follows, “Even so it is not the will, &c.” is to be referred to what was said above, “Take heed that ye despise not one of these little ones;: and so He shows that this parable was set forth to enforce that same saying. Also in saying, “It is not the will of my Father which is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish,” He shows that so oft as one of these little ones does perish, it is not by the Father’s will that it perishes. Lectio 4 Lecture 4 15 Si autem peccaverit in te frater tuus, vade, et corripe eum inter te, et ipsum solum: si te audierit, lucratus eris fratrem tuum. 15. “Moreover if thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone: if he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. 16 Si autem te non audierit, adhibe tecum adhuc unum, vel duos, ut in ore duorum, vel trium testium stet omne verbum. 16. But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. 17 Quod si non audierit eos: dic ecclesiae. Si autem ecclesiam non audierit, sit tibi sicut ethnicus et publicanus. 17. And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the Church: but if he neglect to hear the Church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a Publican.” Chrysostomus in Matth Quia superius vehementer sermonem adversus scandalizantes proposuit, undique eos terrens, ne rursus hi quibus scandala inferuntur, sic fiant resupini ut totum contemnentes, in aliud vitium incidant, scilicet negligentiae; ac per omnia sibi parci volentes, in elationem incidant; hic dominus eos comprimit, et redargutionem fieri iubet, dicens si autem peccaverit in te frater tuus, vade, et corripe eum inter te et ipsum solum. Chrys., Hom., lx Having above given a severe sentence against those who were the cause of offense, making them to fear on all sides; so now that they to whom the offense is offered should not fall into the opposite fault of supineness and indifference, seeking to spare themselves in all things, and so be puffed up; the Lord here checks such a tendency, commanding that they be reproved, saying, “If thy brother shall trespass against thee, go, tell him his fault between thee and him alone.” Augustinus de Verb. Dom Admonet nos quidem dominus noster non negligere invicem peccata nostra, non quaerendo quid reprehendas, sed videndo quid corrigas. Debemus enim amando corripere, non nocendi aviditate, sed studio corrigendi. Si neglexeris, peior eo factus es. Ille iniuriam faciendo, gravi seipsum vulnere percussit; tu vulnus fratris contemnis: peior es tacendo, quam ille conviciando. Aug., Serm., 82, 1 Our Lord admonishes us not to overlook one another’s faults, yet not so as seeking for matter of blame, but watching what you may amend. For our rebuke should be in love, not eager to wound, but anxious to amend. If you pass it by, you are become worse than he. He by doing you a wrong hath done himself a great hurt; you slight your brother’s wound, and are more to blame for your silence than he for his ill words to you. Augustinus de Civ. Dei Plerumque enim a malis docendis et admonendis, aliquando etiam obiurgandis et corripiendis male dissimulatur; vel cum laboris piget, vel cum eorum inimicitias devitamus, ne impediant et noceant in istis temporalibus rebus, sive quas adipisci adhuc nostra cupiditas appetit, sive quas adhuc amittere formidat infirmitas. Si autem propterea quisque obiurgandis et corripiendis male agentibus parcit, quia opportunius tempus inquiritur, vel eisdem ipsis metuit, ne deteriores ex hoc efficiantur, vel ad bonam vitam et piam erudiendos impediant alios infirmos, aut premant atque avertant a fide; non videtur esse cupiditatis occasio, sed consilium caritatis. Longe autem graviorem habent causam Ecclesiarum praepositi qui in Ecclesiis constituti sunt ut non parcant obiurgando peccata: nec ideo tamen ab huiuscemodi culpa penitus alienus est qui, licet praepositus non sit, in eis tamen quibus vitae huius necessitate coniungitur, multa monenda vel arguenda novit et negligit: devitans eorum offensiones propter illa quibus in hac vita non indebite utitur, sed plusquam debuit delectatur. Aug., City of God, book i, ch. 9 For often we wrongly shun to teach and admonish, or to rebuke and check the wicked, either because the task is irksome, or because we would escape their enmity, lest they should harm or obstruct us in temporal things, whether in gaining objects we desire, or in holding what our frailty fears to love. But if any one spares reproof of evil doers, because he seeks fitter occasion, or fears to make them worse, or that they may be an impediment to the good and pious living of other weak ones, or may grieve them, or turn them from the faith; herein there is seen no considerations of covetousness, but the prudence of charity. And much weightier reason have they who are set over the churches, to the end they should not spare to rebuke sin; though not even he is free from this blame, who, though not in authority, wots of many things in them to whom he is bound by the ties of this life, which should be touched by admonition or correction, but neglects to do so; shunning their displeasure on account of things which he does not unduly use in this life, but wherewith he is unduly delighted. Chrysostomus in Matth Considerandum autem, quod quandoque dominus eum qui contristavit, ad eum qui contristatus est ducit, sicut cum dicit: si recordatus fueris quod frater tuus habet aliquid adversum te, vade reconciliari fratri tuo. Quandoque autem eum qui iniusta passus est, iubet dimittere proximo; sicut ibi: dimitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Hic autem alium excogitat modum: eum enim qui contristatus est, ducit ad eum qui contristavit; et ideo dicit si peccaverit in te frater tuus: quia enim ille qui iniusta fecit, non facile veniret ad excusationem, verecundatus, hunc qui passus est ad illum trahit; et non simpliciter, sed ut corrigat quod factum est; unde dicit vade et corripe eum. Chrys. It is to be noted, that onewhile the Lord brings the offender to him whom he has offended; as when He says, “If thou remember that thy brother has ought against thee, go, be reconciled to thy brother:” (Matt 5:23) otherwhiles He bids him that has suffered the wrong to forgive his neighbor; as where he says, “Forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our debtors.” (Matt 6:12) Here He has devised yet another method, for He brings him who has been grieved to him that grieved him, and therefore says, “If thy brother sin against thee;” for because he that did the wrong would not readily come to make amends, because of his shame, He draws to him, him that has suffered the wrong; and not only draws him there, but with the very purpose of correcting what was done amiss; whence He says, “Go and tell him his fault.” Rabanus Non passim iubet peccanti dimittere, sed audienti, idest obedienti et poenitentiam agenti: ne vel difficilis sit venia, vel remissa indulgentia. Raban. He does not command us to forgive indiscriminately, but him only that will hearken and be obedient, and do penitence; that neither should forgiveness be unattainable, nor sufferance be too far relaxed. Chrysostomus in Matth Non autem dicit: accusa, neque: increpa, neque: vindictas expete; sed argue, idest, rememora sibi peccatum, dic ei quae ab eo passus es. Ipse enim ira et verecundia detinetur, ebrius factus quasi gravi somno. Unde oportet te, qui sanus es, ad illum qui aegrotat abire. Chrys. And He says not, Accuse him, nor, Chide with him, nor, Demand redress,—but, “Tell him of his fault;” that is, remind him of his sin, tell him what things you have suffered from him. For he is held down by anger or by shame, stupefied as one in a deep slumber. Wherefore it behoves you who are in your right senses to go to him who is in a disease. Hieronymus Sciendum tamen, quod si peccaverit in vos frater vester, et in qualibet causa vos laeserit, dimittendi habetis potestatem, immo necessitatem: quia praecipitur ut debitoribus nostris debita dimittamus: propter quod et hic dicitur si peccaverit in te frater tuus. Si autem in Deum quis peccaverit, non est nostri arbitrii. Nos e contrario, in Dei iniuria benigni sumus, in nostris contumeliis exercemus odia. Jerome If then your brother have sinned against you, or hurt you in any matter, you have power, indeed must needs forgive him, for we are charged to forgive our debtors their debts. But if a man sin against God, it is no longer in our decision. But we do all the contrary of this; where God is wronged we are merciful, where the affront is to ourselves we prosecute the quarrel. Chrysostomus in Matth Ideo autem praecipit arguere ei qui passus est iniuriam, et non alii; quia ille qui fecit iniuriam, ab eo mansuetius sustinet; et maxime cum solus eum corripiat. Cum enim qui vindictam expetere debebat, hic salutis videtur diligentiam habere, maxime hoc eum potest propitium facere. Chrys. We are to tell his fault to the man himself who did it, and not to another, because the party takes it with the more patience from him, and above all when they are together alone. For when he who had a right to demand reparation, shows rather a carefulness to heal the sore, this has great power to propitiate. Augustinus de Verb. Dom Quando ergo in nos aliquis peccat, habeamus magnam curam, non pro nobis, nam gloriosum est iniuriam oblivisci; sed obliviscere iniuriam tuam, non vulnus fratris tui: ergo corripe inter te et ipsum solum, studens correctionis, parcens pudori. Forte enim prae verecundia incipit defendere peccatum suum et quem vis facere correctiorem, facis peiorem. Aug., Serm., 82, 8 When any one therefore offends against us, let us be very careful, not for ourselves, for it is glorious to forget an injury; forget therefore your own wrong, but not the wound your brother has sustained; and tell him of his fault between him and you alone, seeking his amendment and sparing his shame. For it may be that out of shame he will seek to defend his fault, and thus you will only harden, while you sought to do him good. Hieronymus Corripiendus est enim seorsum frater, ne si semel pudorem atque verecundiam amiserit, permaneat in peccato. Jerome Thy brother is to be reproved in private, lest if once he has lost a sense of shame, he should continue in sin. Augustinus de Verb. Dom Apostolus autem dicit: peccantem coram omnibus argue, ut et ceteri timorem habeant. Aliquando ergo scias corripiendum esse fratrem inter te et fratrem solum, aliquando autem coram omnibus. Quid autem ante facere debeamus, intendite et videte. Si peccaverit, inquit, in te frater tuus, corripe eum inter te et ipsum solum. Quare? Quia in te peccavit? Quid est: in te peccavit? Tu scis quia peccavit: quia enim secretum fuit quando in te peccavit, secretum quaere cum corrigis quae peccavit. Nam si solus nosti quia peccavit in te, et eum vis coram omnibus arguere, non es corrector, sed proditor. Peccavit ergo in te frater tuus; sed si tu solus nosti, tunc vere in te solum peccavit: nam si multis audientibus tibi fecit iniuriam, et in illos peccavit, quos testes suae iniquitatis effecit. Ergo ipsa corripienda sunt coram omnibus, quae peccantur coram omnibus: ipsa corripienda sunt secretius quae peccantur secretius. Distribuite tempora, et concordate Scripturas. Quare autem proximum corrigis? Quia tu doles quod peccaverit in te? Absit. Si autem amore tui id facis, nihil facis; si amore illius facis, optime facis. Denique in ipsis verbis attende cuius amore id facere debeas: utrum tui, an illius: sequitur enim si te audierit, lucratus eris fratrem tuum. Ergo propter illum fac, ut lucreris illum. Agnosce, quia in hominem peccando periisti: nam si non perieras, quomodo te lucratus est? Nemo ergo contemnat quando peccat in fratrem. Aug. But the Apostle says, “Them that sin rebuke before all, that others may fear to do the like.” (1 Tim 5:20) Sometimes therefore your brother is to be spoken to between thee and him alone, sometimes to be rebuked before all. What you must do first, attend and learn; “If thy brother,” says He, “sin against thee, tell him of his fault between thee and him alone.” Why? Because he has sinned against you? What is it that he has sinned against you? You know that he has sinned, and therefore since his sin was in private, let your rebuke be in private too. For if you alone know of his trespass, and proceed to rebuke him before all, you do not correct but betray him. Your brother has sinned against you; if you alone know thereof, then he has sinned against you only; but if he did you a wrong in the presence of many, then he has sinned against those also who were witnesses of his fault. Those faults then are to be rebuked before all, that are committed before all; those which are done in private, are to be rebuked in private. Discern times, and the Scriptures are consistent. But why do you correct your neighbor? Because his trespass has hurt yourself? Far be it from thee. If you do it from self-love, you do naught; if you do it from love of him, you do most rightly. Lastly, in what you shall say to him, keep in view for whose sake it is that you ought to do it, for your own or for his, for it follows, “If he hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother;” do it therefore for his sake, that you may gain him. And do you confess that by your sin against man you were lost; for if you were not lost, how has he gained you? Let none then make light of it when he sins against his brother. Chrysostomus in Matth In quo etiam demonstratur quod inimicitia damnum est commune; et propter hoc non dixit quod ille lucratus est seipsum, sed quod tu lucratus es eum: ex quo ostendit quoniam et tu et ille damnum passi eratis ex discordia. Chrys. In this it is made plain that enmities are a loss to both sides; for he said not, he has gained himself, but, you have gained him; which shows that both of you had suffered loss by your disagreement. Hieronymus Per salutem enim alterius nobis quoque acquiritur salus. Jerome For in saving another, salvation is gained for ourselves also. Chrysostomus in Matth Quid autem facere debeas si non persuadeatur, subditur si autem te non audierit, adhibe tecum unum vel duos. Quanto enim inverecundior fuerit et pertinacior, tanto magis nos ad medicinam studere oportet, non ad iram et odium. Etenim medicus cum viderit morbum non remitti, non desistit, sed tunc magis praeparatur ad curandum. Vide qualiter non vindictae gratia haec correptio fit, sed emendationis: et propter hoc non confestim iubet duos accipere, sed quando ipse corrigi non voluerit; neque tunc ad eum mittit multitudinem, sed unum vel duos; et ad hoc legis testimonium inducit, dicens ut in ore duorum testium vel trium stet omne verbum; quasi dicat: habes iam testimonium quia totum fecisti quod tuum erat. Chrys. What you should do if he does not yield is added, “If he will not hear thee, take with thee one or two.” For the more shameless and stubborn he shows himself, the more studious should we be of applying the medicine, and not turn to wrath and hate. As the physician, if he see that the disease does not abate, he does not slack, but redoubles his efforts to heal. And observe how this reproof is not for revenge, but for correction, seeing his command is not to take two with him at first, but when he would not amend; and even then he does not send a multitude to him, but one or two, alleging the law, “That in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may stand.” (Deut 19:15) This is that you may have witnesses that you have done all your part. Hieronymus Vel intelligendum est hoc modo: si te audire noluerit, adhibeatur unus frater tantum: quod si nec illum audierit, adhibeatur et tertius: vel corrigendi studio, ut scilicet vel admonitione aut pudore corrigatur; vel conveniendi sub testibus. Jerome Or it is to be understood in this way; If he will not hear thee, take with thee one brother only; if he yet will not hear, take a third, either from your zeal for his amendment, that shame or admonition may move him; or for the purpose of meeting before witnesses. Glossa Vel si dixerit, non esse peccatum, ut probent illud esse peccatum. Gloss., ap. Anselm Or, that if he affirm that it is no trespass, that they may prove to him that it is a trespass. Hieronymus Porro si nec illos audire voluerit, tunc multis dicendum est, ut detestationi eum habeant; ut qui non potuit pudore salvari, salvetur opprobriis: unde sequitur quod si non audierit eos, dic Ecclesiae. Jerome If yet he will not hear them, then it must be told to many, that he may be held in abhorrence; so that he who could not be saved by his own sense of shame, may be saved by public disgrace; whence it follows, “If he will not hear them, tell it to the Church.” Chrysostomus in Matth Idest his qui Ecclesiae praesident. Chrys. That is, to those that are over the Church.