Articulus 6 Petition 6 Et ne nos inducas in tentationem And Lead Us Not into Temptation Sunt aliqui qui licet peccaverint, tamen desiderant veniam consequi de peccatis: unde et confitentur et poenitent; sed tamen non adhibent totum studium quod deberent, ut iterato in peccata non ruant. Quod quidem non est conveniens, ut scilicet ex una parte ploret quis peccata dum poenitet, ex alia unde ploret accumulet, dum peccat. Et propter hoc dicitur Isa. I, 16: lavamini, mundi estote, auferte malum cogitationum vestrarum ab oculis meis, quiescite agere perverse. There are those who have sinned and desire forgiveness for their sins. They confess their sins and repent. Yet, they do not strive as much as they should in order that they may not fall into sin again. In this indeed they are not consistent. For, on the one hand, they deplore their sins by being sorry for them; and, on the other hand, they sin again and again and have them again to deplore. Thus it is written: wash yourselves, be clean. Take away the evil of your devices from my eyes. Cease to do perversely (Isa 1:16). Et ideo, sicut supra dictum est, Christus in praecedenti docuit nos petere veniam peccatorum; in hac vero docet nos petere ut possimus vitare peccata, ut scilicet non inducamur in tentationem per quam labamur in peccata, cum dixit: et ne nos inducas in tentationem. We have seen in the petition above that Christ taught us to seek forgiveness for our sins. In this petition, he teaches us to pray that we might avoid sin, that is, that we may not be led into temptation, and thus fall into sin: and lead us not into temptation. Circa quod tria quaeruntur. Three questions are now considered. Primo quid sit tentatio; First, what is temptation? secundo qualiter homo tentatur, et a quo; Second, in what ways is one tempted and by whom? tertio vero quomodo liberatur in tentatione. Third, how is one freed from temptation? Circa primum sciendum est, quod tentare nihil aliud est quam experiri seu probare: unde tentare hominem est probare virtutem eius. Experitur autem seu probatur virtus hominis dupliciter, secundum quod duo exigit hominis virtus. Unum pertinet ad bene operandum, scilicet quod bene operetur; aliud est quod caveat a malo. Ps. XXXIII, 15: declina a malo, et fac bonum. Probatur ergo virtus hominis quandoque quantum ad hoc quod bene facit, quandoque vero quantum ad hoc quod cesset a malo. Quantum ad primum probatur homo utrum inveniatur promptus ad bonum, ut ad ieiunandum et huiusmodi. Tunc enim est virtus tua magna quando promptus inveniris ad bonum. Et hoc modo Deus probat aliquando hominem; non quod lateat eum virtus hominis, sed ut eam omnes cognoscant, et detur omnibus in exemplum. Sic tentavit Deus Abraham, Gen. XXII, et Iob. Et ideo Deus saepe immittit tribulationes iustis, ut dum patienter sustinent, appareat virtus eorum, et in virtute proficiant. Deut. XIII, 3: tentat vos Dominus Deus vester, ut palam fiat utrum diligatis eum, an non. Sic ergo Deus tentat provocando ad bonum. Regarding the first, it must be known that to tempt is nothing other than to test or to prove. To tempt a man is to test or try his virtue. Man’s virtue is tried or proved in two ways, just as a man’s virtue requires two things. One requirement is to do good, the other is to avoid evil: turn away from evil and do good (Ps 34:14 [33:15]). Sometimes a man’s virtue is tried in doing good, and sometimes in avoiding evil. Thus, regarding the first, a man is tried in his readiness to do good, for example, to fast and such. Then is your virtue great when you are quick to do good. In this way does God sometimes try one’s virtue, not, however, because such a man’s virtue is hidden from him, but in order that all might know it and it would be an example to all. God tempted Abraham in this way, and Job also. For this reason God frequently sends trials to the just, who in sustaining them with all patience makes manifest their virtue, and they themselves increase in virtue: the Lord your God tries you, that it may appear whether you love him with all your heart and with all your soul, or not (Deut 13:3). Thus does God tempt man by inciting him to good deeds. Quantum ad secundum probatur virtus hominis per inductionem ad malum. Et si bene resistit, et non consentit, tunc virtus hominis magna est; si vero homo succumbit tentationi, tunc virtus hominis nulla est. Hoc autem modo nullus tentatur a Deo: quia, sicut dicitur Iac. I, 13: Deus intentator malorum est: ipse autem neminem tentat. As to the second, the virtue of man is tried by solicitation to evil. If he truly resists and does not give his consent, then his virtue is great. If, however, he falls before the temptation, he is devoid of virtue. God tempts no man in this way, for it is written: God is not a tempter of evils, and he tempts no man (Jas 1:13). Sed tentatur homo a propria carne, a diabolo, et a mundo. A carne dupliciter. Man is tempted by his own flesh, by the devil, and by the world. He is tempted by the flesh in two ways. Primo quia caro instigat ad malum: caro enim semper quaerit delectationes suas, scilicet carnales, in quibus est saepe peccatum. Qui enim immoratur delectationibus carnalibus, negligit spiritualia. Iac. I, 14: unusquisque vero tentatur a concupiscentia sua. First, the flesh incites one to evil. It always seeks its own pleasures, namely, carnal pleasures, in which there is often sin. He who indulges in carnal pleasures neglects spiritual things: every man is tempted by his own concupiscence (Jas 1:14). Secundo tentat caro retrahendo a bono. Nam spiritus, quantum est de se, semper delectaretur in spiritualibus bonis; sed caro aggravans impedit spiritum. Sap. IX, 15: corpus quod corrumpitur, aggravat animam. Rom. VII, 22: condelector legi Dei secundum interiorem hominem; video autem aliam legem in membris meis repugnantem legi mentis meae, et captivantem me in lege peccati, quae est in membris meis. Sed haec tentatio, scilicet carnis, est valde gravis, quia inimicus noster, scilicet caro, coniunctus est nobis: et, sicut dicit Boetius, nulla pestis efficacior est ad nocendum quam familiaris inimicus. Et ideo contra eam vigilandum est. Matt. XXVI, 41: vigilate et orate, ne intretis in tentationem. Second, the flesh tempts man by enticing him away from good. For the spirit on its part would delight always in spiritual things, but the flesh asserting itself puts obstacles in the way of the spirit: the corruptible body is a load upon the soul (Wis 9:15). For I am delighted with the law of God, according to the inward man. But I see another law in my members, fighting against the law of my mind, and captivating me in the law of sin, that is in my members (Rom 7:22). This temptation which comes from the flesh is most severe, because our enemy, the flesh, is united to us, and as Boethius says: there is no plague more dangerous than an enemy in the family circle. We must, therefore, be ever on our guard against this enemy: watch and pray that ye enter not into temptation (Matt 26:41). Diabolus fortissime tentat. Nam postquam conculcatur caro, insurgit alius, scilicet diabolus, contra quem est nobis magna colluctatio. Apostolus, Eph. VI, 12: non est nobis colluctatio adversus carnem et sanguinem, sed adversus principes et potestates, adversus mundi rectores tenebrarum harum. Unde et signanter dicitur tentator. I Thess. III, 5: ne forte tentaverit vos is qui tentat. The devil tempts us with extreme force. Even when the flesh is subdued, another tempter arises, namely, the devil against whom we have a heavy struggle. Of this the Apostle says: our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against principalities and powers, against the rulers of the world of this darkness, against the spirits of wickedness in high places (Eph 6:12). For this reason he is very aptly called the tempter: lest perhaps he that tempts should have tempted you (1 Thess 3:5). In tentatione autem sua callidissime procedit. Ipse enim, sicut bonus dux exercitus qui obsidet aliquod castrum, considerat infirma eius quem impugnare vult, et ex illa parte unde magis est homo debilis, tentat eum. Et ideo tentat de illis vitiis ad quae homines conculcata carne magis proni sunt, ut de ira, de superbia, et de aliis spiritualibus vitiis. I Pet. V, 8: adversarius vester diabolus tanquam leo rugiens circuit quaerens quem devoret. The devil proceeds most cunningly in tempting us. He operates like a skillful general when about to attack a fortified city. He looks for the weak places in the object of his assault, and in that part where a man is most weak, he tempts him. He tempts man in those sins to which, after subduing his flesh, he is most inclined. Such, for instance, are anger, pride, and the other spiritual sins. Your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, goes about seeking whom he may devour (1 Pet 5:8). Facit autem duo diabolus dum tentat: quia non statim proponit illi quem tentat, malum aliquod apparens, sed aliquid quod habeat speciem boni, ut saltem in ipso principio per illud removeat eum aliquantulum a proposito suo principali, quia postmodum facilius inducit ipsum ad peccandum, quando illum vel modicum avertit. Apostolus, II Cor. XI, 14: ipse Satanas transfigurat se in angelum lucis. Deinde postquam induxit eum ad peccandum, sic alligat eum ut non permittat eum a peccatis resurgere. Iob XL, 12: nervi testiculorum eius perplexi sunt. Sic ergo duo facit diabolus: quia decipit, et deceptum detinet in peccato. The devil does two things when he tempts us. For he does not at once suggest something that appears to us as evil, but something that has a semblance of good. Thereby he would, at least in the beginning, turn a man from his chief purpose, and then afterwards it will be easier to induce him to sin, once he has been turned away ever so little. Satan himself transforms himself into an angel of light (2 Cor 11:14). Then, when he has once led man into sin, he so enchains him as to prevent his rising up out of his sin. The sinews of his testicles are wrapped together (Job 40:12). The devil, therefore, does two things: he deceives a man first, and then after betraying him, enthralls him in his sin. Sed mundus dupliciter tentat. The world has two ways of tempting man. Primo per nimium et immoderatum desiderium rerum temporalium. Apostolus, I Tim. VI, 10: radix omnium malorum est cupiditas. The first is excessive and intemperate desire for the goods of this life: the desire of money is the root of all evil (1 Tim 6:10). Secundo per persecutores et tyrannos terrendo. Iob XXXVII, 19: nos quoque involvimur tenebris. II Tim. III, 12: omnes qui pie volunt vivere in Christo Iesu, persecutionem patientur. Matt. X, 28: nolite timere eos qui occidunt corpus. The second way is the fears engendered by persecutors and tyrants: we are wrapped up in darkness (Job 37:19). All that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution (2 Tim 3:12). Fear not those that slay the body (Matt 10:28). Sic ergo patet quid est tentatio, et qualiter tentatur homo, et a quo. Sequitur videre qualiter homo liberatur. Circa quod sciendum est, quod Christus docet nos rogare non ut non tentemur, sed ut non inducamur in tentationem. Nam si homo vincit tentationem, meretur coronam; et ideo dicitur Iac. I, 2: omne gaudium existimate, fratres cum in tentationes varias incideritis. Eccli. II, 1: fili, accedens ad servitutem Dei . . . praepara animam tuam ad tentationem. Item Iac. I, 12: beatus vir qui suffert tentationem: quoniam cum probatus fuerit, accipiet coronam vitae. Et ideo docet petere ut non inducamur in tentationem per consensum. I Cor. X, 13: tentatio vos non apprehendat nisi humana. Nam tentari humanum est, sed consentire diabolicum est. Now we have seen what temptation is, and also in what way and by whom one is tempted. But how is one freed from temptation? In this we must notice that Christ teaches us to pray, not that we may not be tempted, but that we may not be led into temptation. For it is when one overcomes temptation that one deserves the crown. Thus, it is said: count it all joy when you shall fall into diverse temptations (Jas 1:2). Son, when you come to the service of God . . . prepare your soul for temptation (Sir 2:1). Blessed is the man that endures temptation; for when he has been proved, he shall receive the crown of life (Jas 1:12). Our Lord, therefore, teaches us to pray that we be not led into temptation by giving our consent to it: let no temptation take hold on you, but such as is human (1 Cor 10:13). The reason is that it is human to be tempted, but to give consent is devilish. Sed nunquid Deus inducit ad malum, quia dicit: et ne nos inducas in tentationem? Dico, quod Deus dicitur inducere ad malum permittendo, inquantum scilicet propter multa peccata subtrahit homini gratiam suam, qua sublata homo labitur in peccatum: et ideo cantamus in Psalmo LXX, 9: cum defecerit virtus mea, ne derelinquas me Domine. Regit autem hominem ne inducatur in tentationem per fervorem caritatis: quia quaelibet caritas quantumcumque parva, potest resistere cuilibet peccato. Cant. VIII, 7: aquae multae non potuerunt extinguere caritatem. But does God lead one to evil, since it says: lead us not into temptation? I reply that God is said to lead a person into evil by permitting him to the extent that, because of his many sins, he withdraws his grace from man, and as a result of this withdrawal man does fall into sin. Therefore, we sing in the Psalm: when my strength shall fail, do not forsake me (Ps 71 [70]:9). God, however, directs man by the fervor of charity that he be not led into temptation. For charity even in its smallest degree is able to resist any kind of sin: many waters cannot quench charity (Song 8:7). Item per lumen intellectus, quo instruit nos de agendis: quia, sicut dicit Philosophus, omnis peccans est ignorans. Ps. XXXI, 8: intellectum tibi dabo, et instruam te. Hoc autem petebat David, qui dicebat, Ps. XII, 4–5: illumina oculos meos, ne unquam obdormiam in morte: ne quando dicat inimicus meus, praevalui adversus eum. Hoc autem habemus per donum intellectus. Et quia cum non assentimur tentationi, servamus cor mundum, de quo Matt. V, 8: beati mundo corde, quoniam ipsi Deum videbunt: ideo ex hoc pervenimus ad visionem Dei, ad quam nos perducat. He also guides man by the light of his intellect in which he teaches him what he should do. For as the Philosopher says: everyone who sins is ignorant. I will give you understanding and I will instruct you (Ps 32 [31]:8). It was for this last that David prayed, saying: enlighten my eyes that I never sleep in death; lest at any time my enemy say: I have prevailed against him (Ps 13:3–4 [12:4–5]). We have this through the gift of understanding. Therefore, when we refuse to consent to temptation, we keep our hearts pure: blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see God (Matt 5:8). And it follows from this petition that we are led up to the sight of God, and to it may God lead us all! Articulus 7 Petition 7 Sed libera nos a malo. Amen. But Deliver Us from Evil. Amen. Supra docuit nos Dominus petere veniam peccatorum, et quomodo possumus vitare tentationes: hic vero docet petere praeservationem a malis. Et haec petitio est generalis contra omnia mala; scilicet peccata, infirmitates et afflictiones, sicut dicit Augustinus. Sed quia de peccato et tentatione dictum est, dicendum est de aliis malis, scilicet adversitatibus et afflictionibus omnibus huius mundi; a quibus Deus liberat quadrupliciter. The Lord has already taught us to pray for forgiveness of our sins, and how we can avoid temptations. In this petition, he teaches us to pray to be preserved from evil, and indeed from all evil in general, such as sin, illness, affliction, and all others, as Augustine explains it. But since we have already mentioned sin and temptation, we now must consider other evils, such as adversity and all afflictions of this world. From these God preserves us in a fourfold manner. Primo ne superveniat afflictio. Sed hoc raro contingit: quoniam sancti in mundo isto affliguntur, quia, ut dicitur II Tim. III, 12: omnes qui pie volunt vivere in Christo Iesu, persecutionem patientur. Sed tamen alicui Deus concedit aliquando ut non affligatur a malo; quando scilicet cognoscit eum impotentem, et non posse resistere; sicut medicus infirmo debili non dat violentas medicinas. Apoc. III, 8: ecce dedi coram te ostium apertum, quod nemo potest claudere, quia modicam habes virtutem. In patria autem erit generale hoc, quia nullus affligetur ibi. Iob V, 19: in sex tribulationibus, scilicet praesentis vitae, quae per sex aetates distinguitur, liberabit te; et in septima non tanget te malum. Apoc. VII, 16: non esurient neque sitient amplius. First, he preserves us such that affliction does not come. Yet this is very rare because it is the lot of the just in this world to suffer, for it is written: all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution (2 Tim 3:12). Once in a while, however, God does prevent a man from being afflicted by some evil; this is when he knows such a one to be weak and unable to bear it. Just so a physician does not prescribe violent medicines to a weak patient. Behold, I have given before you a door opened, which no man can shut; because you have little strength (Rev 3:8). In heaven this will be a general thing, for there no one shall be afflicted. In six troubles, namely, of this present life, which is divided into six periods, he shall deliver you, and in the seventh, evil shall not touch you (Job 5:19). They shall no more hunger nor thirst (Rev 7:16). Secundo liberat quando in afflictionibus consolatur. Nam nisi Deus consolaretur, non posset homo subsistere. II Cor. I, 8: supra modum gravati sumus supra virtutem nostram; et ibid. VII, 6: sed qui consolatur humiles, consolatus est nos Deus. Ps. XCIII: secundum multitudinem dolorum meorum in corde meo consolationes tuae laetificaverunt animam meam. Second, God delivers us from afflictions when he consoles us amidst them. For unless he console us, we could not long persevere: we were pressed out of measure above our strength so that we were weary even of life (2 Cor 1:8). But God, who comforts the humble, comforted us (2 Cor 7:6). According to the multitude of my sorrows in my heart, your comforts have given joy to my soul (Ps 94 [93]:19). Tertio quia afflictis tot bona facit quot tradunt mala oblivioni. Tob. III, 22: post tempestatem tranquillum facis. Sic ergo afflictiones et tribulationes huius mundi non sunt timendae, quia facile tolerantur et propter consolationem admixtam, et propter brevitatem. Apostolus, II Cor. IV, 17: id quod in praesenti est momentaneum et leve tribulationis nostrae, supra modum in sublimitate aeternum gloriae pondus operatur in nobis: quia ex his pervenitur ad vitam aeternam. Third, God bestows so many good things upon those who are afflicted that their evils are forgotten: after the storm you make a calm (Tob 3:22). The afflictions and trials of this world, therefore, are not to be feared, both because consolations accompany them and because they are of short duration, as the Apostle says: for that which is at present momentary and light of our tribulation, works for us above measure exceedingly an eternal weight of glory (2 Cor 4:17). For from these one arrives at eternal life. Quarto quia tentatio et tribulatio convertitur in bonum: et ideo non dicit, libera nos a tribulatione, sed a malo: quia tribulationes sunt sanctis ad coronam; et inde est quod gloriantur de tribulationibus. Apostolus, Rom. V, 3: non solum autem, sed et gloriamur in tribulationibus, scientes quod tribulatio patientiam operatur. Tob. III, 13: in tempore tribulationis peccata dimittis. Fourth, we are preserved from afflictions in this way that all temptations and trials are conducive to our own good. We do not pray: deliver us “from tribulation,” but from evil. This is because tribulations bring a crown to the just, and for that reason the saints rejoiced in their sufferings: we glory also in tribulations, knowing that tribulation works patience (Rom 5:3). In time of tribulation you forgive sins (Tob 3:13). Liberat ergo Deus hominem a malo et tribulationibus, eas in bonum convertendo; quod est signum maximae sapientiae, quia sapientis est malum ordinare in bonum; et hoc fit per patientiam, quae habetur in tribulationibus. Ceterae vero virtutes bonis utuntur, sed patientia malis; et ideo solum in malis, idest in adversitatibus, est necessaria: Prov. XIX, 11: doctrina viri per patientiam noscitur. God, therefore, delivers man from evil and from affliction by converting them to his good which is a sign of supreme wisdom, since it belongs to wisdom to divert evil to good. This happens through patience, which results in bearing trials. The other virtues operate by good things, but patience operates in evil things. And, indeed, it is very necessary in evil things, namely, in adversity: the learning of a man is known by his patience (Prov 19:11). Et ideo Spiritus Sanctus per donum sapientiae facit nos petere: et per hoc pervenimus ad beatitudinem ad quam ordinat pax, quia per patientiam pacem habemus et in tempore prospero et adverso: et ideo pacifici dicuntur filii Dei, qui sunt similes Deo, quia sicut Deo nihil nocere potest, ita nec eis, quia nec prospera nec adversa; et ideo beati pacifici, quoniam filii Dei vocabuntur, Matt. V, 9. The Holy Spirit through the gift of wisdom has us use this prayer, and by it we arrive at supreme happiness which is the reward of peace. For it is by patience we obtain peace, whether in time of prosperity or of adversity. For this reason the peacemakers are called the children of God, because they are like to God in this, that nothing can hurt God and nothing can hurt them, whether it be prosperity or adversity: blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God (Matt 5:9). Amen est confirmatio universalis omnium petitionum. Amen is a general ratification of all the petitions. Compendiosa expositio totius orationis Pater noster A Short Explanation of the Whole Lord’s Prayer Ut in summa exponatur, sciendum est, quod in oratione dominica continentur omnia quae desiderantur, et omnia quae fugiuntur. Inter omnia autem desiderabilia illud plus desideratur quod plus amatur, et hoc est Deus; By way of brief summary, it should be known that the Lord’s Prayer contains all that we ought to desire and all that we ought to avoid. Now, of all desirable things, that must be most desired which is most loved, and that is God. et ideo primo petis gloriam Dei, cum dicis: sanctificetur nomen tuum. Therefore, you seek, first of all, the glory of God when you say: hallowed be thy name. A Deo autem desideranda sunt tria, quae pertinent ad te. You should desire three things from God which concern yourself.