Quia igitur Aristoteles hic loquitur de mobilibus et moventibus in communi, nondum applicando ad determinata mobilia; esse autem contiguum vel continuum indifferenter se habet ad rationem moventis et mobilis; ideo accepit ut contingens, quod omnia mobilia sint continua ad invicem: quod tamen est impossibile, si mobilia considerentur secundum suas naturas determinatas. Now, since Aristotle is here speaking about mobiles and movers in a general way without making applications to particular mobiles, and to be in contact or to be continuous is a matter of indifference if you consider the general account of mover and mobile, he therefore takes it as contingent that all mobiles mutually form a continuum, even though this is impossible if you consider the mobiles in their specific natures. Lectio 3 Lecture 3 Probatur in motu locali quod movens et motum oportet esse simul In local motion, the mover and the moved must be together Primum autem movens, non sicut cuius causa, sed unde est principium motus, est simul cum eo quod movetur. Simul autem dico, quia nihil ipsorum medium est: hoc enim commune est in omni quod movetur et quod movet. The first mover, not as the cause for the sake of which, but as the principle of motion, is together with that which is moved. I say “together” because there is no intermediate between them. And this is found universally in everything that moves and is moved. Quoniam autem tres sunt motus, qui secundum locum, et qui secundum qualitatem, et secundum quantitatem; necesse est et ea quae moventur tria esse. Qui quidem igitur secundum locum, loci mutatio; qui vero secundum quantitatem, alteratio; qui vero secundum quantitatem, augmentum vel decrementum. Primum quidem igitur de loci mutatione dicamus: haec enim primus motuum est. Since there are three motions, i.e., in respect to place, in respect to quality, and in respect to quantity, there must be three things that are moved. Motion in respect to place is local motion; motion in respect to quality is alteration; motion in respect to quantity is increase or decrease. We should speak first of local motion. For this is the first of motions. Omne igitur quod fertur, aut ipsum a seipso movetur aut ab altero. Si igitur a seipso, manifestum est quod cum in ipso movens sit, simul movens et quod movetur erit, et nullum illius medium. Whatever is moved is moved either by itself or by another. If by itself, then since the mover is in it, it is clear that the mover and that which is moved will be together, and there will be no intermediary between them. Quod autem ab alio movetur, quadrifariam movetur. Qui enim sunt ab altero motus, quatuor sunt: pulsio, tractio, vectio, vertigo. Et namque omnes alios in hos reduci accidit. That which is moved by another is moved in one of four ways. The motions which are from another are four: pushing, pulling, carrying, and twirling. For all the others are reduced to these. Pulsionis igitur alia impulsio, alia expulsio. Impulsio quidem est cum movens ei quod movetur non deficit: expulsio cum expellens deficit. Pushing is either pushing on or pushing off. Pushing on occurs when the mover does not leave that which is moved. Pushing off occurs when the pusher leaves. Vectio autem in tribus erit motibus. Quod quidem enim vehitur, non secundum se movetur, sed secundum accidens. In eo enim quod est in eo quod movetur, aut super id quod movetur, movetur ipsum. Vehens autem movetur aut pulsum aut tractum aut vertigine ductum. Manifestum igitur quoniam vectio in tribus motibus erit. Carrying will be in the three other motions. For that which is carried is not moved in itself but accidentally. For in this that which is moved is either in that which is moved or is on that which is moved. The carrier is moved either by a pushing or a pulling or else it is led on by a twirling. Therefore it is clear that carrying will be in these three motions. Tractio autem est, cum etiam ad ipsum vel ad alterum velocior sit motus trahentis, non separatus ab eo quod trahitur: et namque ad ipsum est tractio, et ad alterum. Et reliqui tractus idem specie in hos reducuntur; ut inspiratio et expiratio, et spuitio, et quicumque corporum emissivi aut receptivi sunt, et spathesis et kerkisis. Aliud est quidem ipsorum congregatio, aliud disgregatio. Et omnis igitur motus qui est secundum locum, aggregatio et disgregatio est. Pulling occurs when there is a faster motion of the puller either to itself or to another, not separated from that which is pulled. For pulling occurs both to itself and to another. Other pullings that are the same in species are reduced to these, for example, inhaling and exhaling, and spitting, and whatever bodies are emitted or received, and spathesis, and kerkisis. Gathering of things is one thing and separating is another. Therefore all motion in respect to place is a gathering or a separating. Vertigo autem componitur quidem ex tractu et pulsione: hoc quidem pellit movens, illud autem trabiit. Twirling is composed of pushing and pulling. For the mover pushes this and pulls that. Manifestum igitur est quod si simul pellens et trahens est cum eo quod pellitur et trahitur, nullum medium eius quod movetur et moventis est. Therefore it is clear that if the pusher and the puller are together with that which is pushed and pulled, there is no intermediate between that which is moved and the mover. Hoc autem manifestum ex dictis. Pulsio quidem aut a seipso aut ab alio ad aliud motus est: tractus autem ab alio ad ipsum aut ad aliud est. Adhuc autem synosis et diosis. This is clear from what was said. Pushing is motion either from itself or from another to another. But pulling is from another to itself or to another. Thus far there is coming together and going apart. Proiectio autem, quando velocior motus fiat quam qui secundum naturam lati, fortiori facta pulsione: et hoc facto, tamdiu accidit ferri, quousque fortior sit motus eius quod fertur. Manifestum igitur quoniam quod movetur et movens simul sunt, et nullum medium est ipsorum. There is throwing when there occurs a faster motion than that which is borne according to nature, a stronger pushing having been made. This being done, it is borne as long as the motion of that which is borne is stronger. Therefore it is clear that the mover and that which is moved are together, and there is no intermediary between them. 897. Quia Philosophus in demonstratione praecedenti supposuerat quod movens est contiguum vel continuum mobili, hoc intendit nunc probare. 897. In the previous demonstration, the Philosopher had assumed that a mover is continuous, or at least contiguous, with the mobile. This he now intends to prove. Et primo ostendit propositum; First, he proves his proposition; secundo probat quoddam, quod in hac probatione supponit, ibi: quoniam autem quae alterantur etc. second, he proves something he had assumed in his proof, at all things that are altered (245b19; [913]). Circa primum duo facit: About the first, he does two things: primo proponit intentum; first, he states his intention; secundo probat propositum, ibi: quoniam autem tres sunt motus etc. second, he proves his proposition, at since there are three (243a35; [898]). Dicit ergo primo, quod movens et motum sunt simul. He says first (243a3) that mover and moved are together. Sed aliquid dicitur movere dupliciter. But something is said to be moved in two senses. Uno modo sicut finis movet agentem; et tale movens aliquando distans est ab agente quem movet: One sense is as the end moves the agent, and such a mover is sometimes distant from the agent it moves; alio modo sicut movet id quod est principium motus; The other sense is as that moves that is the actual beginner of the motion. et de tali movente hic intelligit. Et propter hoc addidit: non sicut cuius causa, sed unde est principium motus. It is of this latter that Aristotle speaks, and that is why he adds not as the cause for the sake of which, but as the principle of motion. Item movens sicut principium motus, quoddam est immediatum, et quoddam remotum. Intelligit autem hic de immediate movente, et ideo dixit primum movens; ut per ‘primum’ significetur immediatum mobili, non autem id quod est primum in ordine moventium. Again, a mover as principle of motion can be immediate or remote. Aristotle speaks of what causes motion immediately and calls it the first mover, which refers not to what is first in the series of movers, but to a mover that is immediate to the mobile. Et quia in quinto dixerat ea esse simul quae sunt in eodem loco, posset aliquis credere ex hoc quod dicit quod movens et motum simul sunt, quod quando unum corpus movetur ab altero, quod oporteat ambo esse in eodem loco: et ideo ad hoc excludendum subiungit, quod simul dicit hic, non quidem esse in eodem loco, sed quia nihil est medium inter movens et motum; secundum quod contacta vel continua sunt simul, quia termini eorum sunt simul, vel quia sunt unum. And, because he had in book 5 said that things in the same place are together, one might conclude from that and from the statement that mover and moved are together that, when one body is moved by another, they must both be in the same place. Therefore, to prevent this misunderstanding, he adds that together is not taken here in the sense of being in the same place, but in the sense that nothing is intermediate between the mover and the moved. It is in this sense that things in contact, or things that are continuous, are together, because their extremities are together or are one and the same. Et quia in praecedenti demonstratione processerat solum de motu locali, posset aliquis credere quod hoc haberet veritatem solum in huiusmodi motu: et ideo ad hoc removendum subiungit, quod hoc dictum est communiter, quod movens et motum sunt simul, et non specialiter de motu locali; quia hoc est commune in omni specie motus, quod movens et motum sunt simul, modo exposito. And the fact that he proceeded in the previous demonstration solely along the line of local motion does not mean that his proposition is true only in cases of local motion. Therefore, to exclude this possible misunderstanding, he adds that the statement that mover and moved are together must be taken in a sense common to all motions, for it is found in every kind of motion that mover and moved are together in the sense explained. 898. Deinde cum dicit: quoniam autem tres etc., probat propositum. 898. Then, at and since there are three (243a6), he proves his proposition. Et circa hoc duo facit: About this, he does two things: primo enumerat species motus; first, he enumerates the species of motion; secundo in singulis probat propositum, ibi: omne igitur quod fertur etc. second, he proves his proposition for each kind, at whatever is moved is moved (243a21; [899]). Dicit ergo primo quod tres sunt motus: He therefore says first (243a6) that there are three kinds of motion: unus secundum locum, qui dicitur loci mutatio: one is in respect to place, called local motion; alius secundum qualitatem, qui dicitur alteratio: one is in respect of quantity, called growth and decrease; alius secundum quantitatem, qui dicitur augmentum et decrementum. the third is in respect of quality, called alteration.