Articulus 6 Article 6 Utrum praedestinatio sit certa Whether predestination is certain? Ad sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod praedestinatio non sit certa. Quia super illud Apoc. III, tene quod habes, ne alius accipiat coronam tuam, dicit Augustinus, quod alius non est accepturus, nisi iste perdiderit. Potest ergo et acquiri et perdi corona, quae est praedestinationis effectus. Non est igitur praedestinatio certa. Objection 1: It seems that predestination is not certain. Because on the words Hold fast that which thou hast, that no one take thy crown, (Rev 3:11), Augustine says (De Corr. et Grat. 15): Another will not receive, unless this one were to lose it. Hence the crown which is the effect of predestination can be both acquired and lost. Therefore predestination cannot be certain. Praeterea, posito possibili, nullum sequitur impossibile. Possibile est autem aliquem praedestinatum, ut Petrum, peccare, et tunc occidi. Hoc autem posito, sequitur praedestinationis effectum frustrari. Hoc igitur non est impossibile. Non ergo est praedestinatio certa. Obj. 2: Further, granted what is possible, nothing impossible follows. But it is possible that one predestined—e.g., Peter—may sin and then be killed. But if this were so, it would follow that the effect of predestination would be thwarted. This then, is not impossible. Therefore predestination is not certain. Praeterea, quidquid Deus potuit, potest. Sed potuit non praedestinare quem praedestinavit. Ergo nunc potest non praedestinare. Ergo praedestinatio non est certa. Obj. 3: Further, whatever God could do in the past, He can do now. But He could have not predestined whom He hath predestined. Therefore now He is able not to predestine him. Therefore predestination is not certain. Sed contra est quod super illud Rom. VIII, quos praescivit, et praedestinavit etc., dicit Glossa, praedestinatio est praescientia et praeparatio beneficiorum Dei, qua certissime liberantur quicumque liberantur. On the contrary, A gloss on Rom. 8:29: Whom He foreknew, He also predestined, says: Predestination is the foreknowledge and preparation of the benefits of God, by which whosoever are freed will most certainly be freed. Respondeo dicendum quod praedestinatio certissime et infallibiliter consequitur suum effectum, nec tamen imponit necessitatem, ut scilicet effectus eius ex necessitate proveniat. Dictum est enim supra quod praedestinatio est pars providentiae. Sed non omnia quae providentiae subduntur, necessaria sunt, sed quaedam contingenter eveniunt, secundum conditionem causarum proximarum, quas ad tales effectus divina providentia ordinavit. Et tamen providentiae ordo est infallibilis, ut supra ostensum est. Sic igitur et ordo praedestinationis est certus; et tamen libertas arbitrii non tollitur, ex qua contingenter provenit praedestinationis effectus. Ad hoc etiam consideranda sunt quae supra dicta sunt de divina scientia et de divina voluntate, quae contingentiam a rebus non tollunt, licet certissima et infallibilia sint. I answer that, Predestination most certainly and infallibly takes effect; yet it does not impose any necessity, so that, namely, its effect should take place from necessity. For it was said above (A. 1), that predestination is a part of providence. But not all things subject to providence are necessary; some things happening from contingency, according to the nature of the proximate causes, which divine providence has ordained for such effects. Yet the order of providence is infallible, as was shown above (Q. 22, A. 4). So also the order of predestination is certain; yet free-will is not destroyed; whence the effect of predestination has its contingency. Moreover all that has been said about the divine knowledge and will (Q. 14, A. 13; Q. 19, A. 4) must also be taken into consideration; since they do not destroy contingency in things, although they themselves are most certain and infallible. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod corona dicitur esse alicuius, dupliciter. Uno modo, ex praedestinatione divina, et sic nullus coronam suam amittit. Alio modo, ex merito gratiae, quod enim meremur, quodammodo nostrum est. Et sic suam coronam aliquis amittere potest per peccatum mortale sequens. Alius autem illam coronam amissam accipit, inquantum loco eius subrogatur. Non enim permittit Deus aliquos cadere, quin alios erigat, secundum illud Iob XXXIV, conteret multos et innumerabiles, et stare faciet alios pro eis. Sic enim in locum angelorum cadentium substituti sunt homines; et in locum Iudaeorum, gentiles. Substitutus autem in statum gratiae, etiam quantum ad hoc coronam cadentis accipit, quod de bonis quae alius fecit, in aeterna vita gaudebit, in qua unusquisque gaudebit de bonis tam a se quam ab aliis factis. Reply Obj. 1: The crown may be said to belong to a person in two ways; first, by God’s predestination, and thus no one loses his crown: second, by the merit of grace; for what we merit, in a certain way is ours; and thus anyone may lose his crown by mortal sin. Another person receives that crown thus lost, inasmuch as he takes the former’s place. For God does not permit some to fall, without raising others; according to Job 34:24: He shall break in pieces many and innumerable, and make others to stand in their stead. Thus men are substituted in the place of the fallen angels; and the Gentiles in that of the Jews. He who is substituted for another in the state of grace, also receives the crown of the fallen in that in eternal life he will rejoice at the good the other has done, in which life he will rejoice at all good whether done by himself or by others. Ad secundum dicendum quod, licet sit possibile eum qui est praedestinatus, mori in peccato mortali, secundum se consideratum; tamen hoc est impossibile, posito (prout scilicet ponitur) eum esse praedestinatum. Unde non sequitur quod praedestinatio falli possit. Reply Obj. 2: Although it is possible for one who is predestined considered in himself to die in mortal sin; yet it is not possible, supposed, as in fact it is supposed, that he is predestined. Whence it does not follow that predestination can fall short of its effect. Ad tertium dicendum quod, cum praedestinatio includat divinam voluntatem, sicut supra dictum est quod Deum velle aliquid creatum est necessarium ex suppositione, propter immutabilitatem divinae voluntatis, non tamen absolute; ita dicendum est hic de praedestinatione. Unde non oportet dicere quod Deus possit non praedestinare quem praedestinavit, in sensu composito accipiendo; licet, absolute considerando, Deus possit praedestinare vel non praedestinare. Sed ex hoc non tollitur praedestinationis certitudo. Reply Obj. 3: Since predestination includes the divine will as stated above (A. 4): and the fact that God wills any created thing is necessary on the supposition that He so wills, on account of the immutability of the divine will, but is not necessary absolutely; so the same must be said of predestination. Wherefore one ought not to say that God is able not to predestinate one whom He has predestined, taking it in a composite sense, though, absolutely speaking, God can predestinate or not. But in this way the certainty of predestination is not destroyed. Articulus 7 Article 7 Utrum numerus praedestinatorum sit certus Whether the number of the predestined is certain? Ad septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod numerus praedestinatorum non sit certus. Numerus enim cui potest fieri additio, non est certus. Sed numero praedestinatorum potest fieri additio, ut videtur, dicitur enim Deut. I, dominus Deus noster addat ad hunc numerum multa millia; Glossa, idest definitum apud Deum, qui novit qui sunt eius. Ergo numerus praedestinatorum non est certus. Objection 1: It seems that the number of the predestined is not certain. For a number to which an addition can be made is not certain. But there can be an addition to the number of the predestined as it seems; for it is written (Deut 1:11): The Lord God adds to this number many thousands, and a gloss adds, fixed by God, who knows those who belong to Him. Therefore the number of the predestined is not certain. Praeterea, non potest assignari ratio quare magis in hoc numero quam in alio, Deus homines praeordinet ad salutem. Sed nihil a Deo sine ratione disponitur. Ergo non est certus numerus salvandorum praeordinatus a Deo. Obj. 2: Further, no reason can be assigned why God pre-ordains to salvation one number of men more than another. But nothing is arranged by God without a reason. Therefore the number to be saved pre-ordained by God cannot be certain. Praeterea, operatio Dei est perfectior quam operatio naturae. Sed in operibus naturae bonum invenitur ut in pluribus, defectus autem et malum ut in paucioribus. Si igitur a Deo institueretur numerus salvandorum, plures essent salvandi quam damnandi. Cuius contrarium ostenditur Matt. VII, ubi dicitur, lata et spatiosa est via quae ducit ad perditionem, et multi sunt qui intrant per eam, angusta est porta, et arcta via, quae ducit ad vitam, et pauci sunt qui inveniunt eam. Non ergo est praeordinatus a Deo numerus salvandorum. Obj. 3: Further, the operations of God are more perfect than those of nature. But in the works of nature, good is found in the majority of things; defect and evil in the minority. If, then, the number of the saved were fixed by God at a certain figure, there would be more saved than lost. Yet the contrary follows from Matt. 7:13,14: For wide is the gate, and broad the way that leadeth to destruction, and many there are who go in thereat. How narrow is the gate, and strait is the way that leadeth to life; and few there are who find it! Therefore the number of those pre-ordained by God to be saved is not certain. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de correptione et gratia, certus est praedestinatorum numerus, qui neque augeri potest, neque minui. On the contrary, Augustine says (De Corr. et Grat. 13): The number of the predestined is certain, and can neither be increased nor diminished. Respondeo dicendum quod numerus praedestinatorum est certus. Sed quidam dixerunt eum esse certum formaliter, sed non materialiter, ut puta si diceremus certum esse quod centum vel mille salventur, non autem quod hi vel illi. Sed hoc tollit certitudinem praedestinationis, de qua iam diximus. Et ideo oportet dicere quod numerus praedestinatorum sit certus Deo non solum formaliter, sed etiam materialiter. I answer that, The number of the predestined is certain. Some have said that it was formally, but not materially certain; as if we were to say that it was certain that a hundred or a thousand would be saved; not however these or those individuals. But this destroys the certainty of predestination; of which we spoke above (A. 6). Therefore we must say that to God the number of the predestined is certain, not only formally, but also materially. Sed advertendum est quod numerus praedestinatorum certus Deo dicitur, non solum ratione cognitionis, quia scilicet scit quot sunt salvandi (sic enim Deo certus est etiam numerus guttarum pluviae, et arenae maris); sed ratione electionis et definitionis cuiusdam. Ad cuius evidentiam, est sciendum quod omne agens intendit facere aliquid finitum, ut ex supradictis de infinito apparet. Quicumque autem intendit aliquam determinatam mensuram in suo effectu, excogitat aliquem numerum in partibus essentialibus eius, quae per se requiruntur ad perfectionem totius. Non enim per se eligit aliquem numerum in his quae non principaliter requiruntur, sed solum propter aliud, sed in tanto numero accipit huiusmodi, inquantum sunt necessaria propter aliud. Sicut aedificator excogitat determinatam mensuram domus, et etiam determinatum numerum mansionum quas vult facere in domo, et determinatum numerum mensurarum parietis vel tecti, non autem eligit determinatum numerum lapidum, sed accipit tot, quot sufficiunt ad explendam tantam mensuram parietis. It must, however, be observed that the number of the predestined is said to be certain to God, not by reason of His knowledge, because, that is to say, He knows how many will be saved (for in this way the number of drops of rain and the sands of the sea are certain to God); but by reason of His deliberate choice and determination. For the further evidence of which we must remember that every agent intends to make something finite, as is clear from what has been said above when we treated of the infinite (Q. 7, AA. 2, 3). Now whosoever intends some definite measure in his effect thinks out some definite number in the essential parts, which are by their very nature required for the perfection of the whole. For of those things which are required not principally, but only on account of something else, he does not select any definite number per se; but he accepts and uses them in such numbers as are necessary on account of that other thing. For instance, a builder thinks out the definite measurements of a house, and also the definite number of rooms which he wishes to make in the house; and definite measurements of the walls and roof; he does not, however, select a definite number of stones, but accepts and uses just so many as are sufficient for the required measurements of the wall. Sic igitur considerandum est in Deo, respectu totius universitatis quae est eius effectus. Praeordinavit enim in qua mensura deberet esse totum universum, et quis numerus esset conveniens essentialibus partibus universi, quae scilicet habent aliquo modo ordinem ad perpetuitatem; quot scilicet sphaerae, quot stellae, quot elementa, quot species rerum. Individua vero corruptibilia non ordinantur ad bonum universi quasi principaliter, sed quasi secundario, inquantum in eis salvatur bonum speciei. Unde, licet Deus sciat numerum omnium individuorum, non tamen numerus vel boum vel culicum, vel aliorum huiusmodi, est per se praeordinatus a Deo, sed tot ex huiusmodi divina providentia produxit, quot sufficiunt ad specierum conservationem. Inter omnes autem creaturas, principalius ordinantur ad bonum universi creaturae rationales, quae, inquantum huiusmodi, incorruptibiles sunt; et potissime illae quae beatitudinem consequuntur, quae immediatius attingunt ultimum finem. Unde certus est Deo numerus praedestinatorum, non solum per modum cognitionis, sed etiam per modum cuiusdam principalis praefinitionis. So also must we consider concerning God in regard to the whole universe, which is His effect. For He pre-ordained the measurements of the whole of the universe, and what number would befit the essential parts of that universe—that is to say, which have in some way been ordained in perpetuity; how many spheres, how many stars, how many elements, and how many species. Individuals, however, which undergo corruption, are not ordained as it were chiefly for the good of the universe, but in a secondary way, inasmuch as the good of the species is preserved through them. Whence, although God knows the total number of individuals, the number of oxen, flies and such like, is not pre-ordained by God per se; but divine providence produces just so many as are sufficient for the preservation of the species. Now of all creatures the rational creature is chiefly ordained for the good of the universe, being as such incorruptible; more especially those who attain to eternal happiness, since they more immediately reach the ultimate end. Whence the number of the predestined is certain to God; not only by way of knowledge, but also by way of a principal pre-ordination. Non sic autem omnino est de numero reproborum; qui videntur esse praeordinati a Deo in bonum electorum, quibus omnia cooperantur in bonum. De numero autem omnium praedestinatorum hominum, quis sit, dicunt quidam quod tot ex hominibus salvabuntur, quot angeli ceciderunt. Quidam vero, quod tot salvabuntur, quot angeli remanserunt. Quidam vero, quod tot ex hominibus salvabuntur, quot angeli ceciderunt, et insuper tot, quot fuerunt angeli creati. Sed melius dicitur quod soli Deo est cognitus numerus electorum in superna felicitate locandus. It is not exactly the same thing in the case of the number of the reprobate, who would seem to be pre-ordained by God for the good of the elect, in whose regard all things work together unto good (Rom 8:28). Concerning the number of all the predestined, some say that so many men will be saved as angels fell; some, so many as there were angels left; others, as many as the number of angels created by God. It is, however, better to say that, to God alone is known the number for whom is reserved eternal happiness Ad primum ergo dicendum quod verbum illud Deuteronomii est intelligendum de illis qui sunt praenotati a Deo respectu praesentis iustitiae. Horum enim numerus et augetur et minuitur, et non numerus praedestinatorum. Reply Obj. 1: These words of Deuteronomy must be taken as applied to those who are marked out by God beforehand in respect to present righteousness. For their number is increased and diminished, but not the number of the predestined. Ad secundum dicendum quod ratio quantitatis alicuius partis, accipienda est ex proportione illius partis ad totum. Sic enim est apud Deum ratio quare tot stellas fecerit, vel tot rerum species, et quare tot praedestinavit, ex proportione partium principalium ad bonum universi. Reply Obj. 2: The reason of the quantity of any one part must be judged from the proportion of that part of the whole. Thus in God the reason why He has made so many stars, or so many species of things, or predestined so many, is according to the proportion of the principal parts to the good of the whole universe. Ad tertium dicendum quod bonum proportionatum communi statui naturae, accidit ut in pluribus; et defectus ab hoc bono, ut in paucioribus. Sed bonum quod excedit communem statum naturae, invenitur ut in paucioribus; et defectus ab hoc bono, ut in pluribus. Sicut patet quod plures homines sunt qui habent sufficientem scientiam ad regimen vitae suae, pauciores autem qui hac scientia carent, qui moriones vel stulti dicuntur, sed paucissimi sunt, respectu aliorum, qui attingunt ad habendam profundam scientiam intelligibilium rerum. Cum igitur beatitudo aeterna, in visione Dei consistens, excedat communem statum naturae, et praecipue secundum quod est gratia destituta per corruptionem originalis peccati, pauciores sunt qui salvantur. Et in hoc etiam maxime misericordia Dei apparet, quod aliquos in illam salutem erigit, a qua plurimi deficiunt secundum communem cursum et inclinationem naturae. Reply Obj. 3: The good that is proportionate to the common state of nature is to be found in the majority; and is wanting in the minority. The good that exceeds the common state of nature is to be found in the minority, and is wanting in the majority. Thus it is clear that the majority of men have a sufficient knowledge for the guidance of life; and those who have not this knowledge are said to be half-witted or foolish; but they who attain to a profound knowledge of things intelligible are a very small minority in respect to the rest. Since their eternal happiness, consisting in the vision of God, exceeds the common state of nature, and especially in so far as this is deprived of grace through the corruption of original sin, those who are saved are in the minority. In this especially, however, appears the mercy of God, that He has chosen some for that salvation, from which very many in accordance with the common course and tendency of nature fall short. Articulus 8 Article 8 Utrum praedestinatio possit iuvari precibus sanctorum Whether predestination can be furthered by the prayers of the saints? Ad octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod praedestinatio non possit iuvari precibus sanctorum. Nullum enim aeternum praeceditur ab aliquo temporali, et per consequens non potest temporale iuvare ad hoc quod aliquod aeternum sit. Sed praedestinatio est aeterna. Cum igitur preces sanctorum sint temporales, non possunt iuvare ad hoc quod aliquis praedestinetur. Non ergo praedestinatio iuvatur precibus sanctorum. Objection 1: It seems that predestination cannot be furthered by the prayers of the saints. For nothing eternal can be preceded by anything temporal; and in consequence nothing temporal can help towards making something else eternal. But predestination is eternal. Therefore, since the prayers of the saints are temporal, they cannot so help as to cause anyone to become predestined. Predestination therefore is not furthered by the prayers of the saints. Praeterea, sicut nihil indiget consilio nisi propter defectum cognitionis, ita nihil indiget auxilio nisi propter defectum virtutis. Sed neutrum horum competit Deo praedestinanti, unde dicitur Rom. XI, quis adiuvit spiritum domini? Aut quis consiliarius eius fuit? Ergo praedestinatio non iuvatur precibus sanctorum. Obj. 2: Further, as there is no need of advice except on account of defective knowledge, so there is no need of help except through defective power. But neither of these things can be said of God when He predestines. Whence it is said: Who hath helped the Spirit of the Lord? Or who hath been His counsellor? (Rom 11:34). Therefore predestination cannot be furthered by the prayers of the saints. Praeterea, eiusdem est adiuvari et impediri. Sed praedestinatio non potest aliquo impediri. Ergo non potest aliquo iuvari. Obj. 3: Further, if a thing can be helped, it can also be hindered. But predestination cannot be hindered by anything. Therefore it cannot be furthered by anything. Sed contra est quod dicitur Genes. XXV, quod Isaac rogavit Deum pro Rebecca uxore sua, et dedit conceptum Rebeccae. Ex illo autem conceptu natus est Iacob, qui praedestinatus fuit. Non autem fuisset impleta praedestinatio, si natus non fuisset. Ergo praedestinatio iuvatur precibus sanctorum. On the contrary, It is said that Isaac besought the Lord for his wife because she was barren; and He heard him and made Rebecca to conceive (Gen 25:21). But from that conception Jacob was born, and he was predestined. Now his predestination would not have happened if he had never been born. Therefore predestination can be furthered by the prayers of the saints. Respondeo dicendum quod circa hanc quaestionem diversi errores fuerunt. Quidam enim, attendentes certitudinem divinae praedestinationis, dixerunt superfluas esse orationes, vel quidquid aliud fiat ad salutem aeternam consequendam, quia his factis vel non factis, praedestinati consequuntur, reprobati non consequuntur. Sed contra hoc sunt omnes admonitiones sacrae Scripturae, exhortantes ad orationem, et ad alia bona opera. I answer that, Concerning this question, there were different errors. Some, regarding the certainty of divine predestination, said that prayers were superfluous, as also anything else done to attain salvation; because whether these things were done or not, the predestined would attain, and the reprobate would not attain, eternal salvation. But against this opinion are all the warnings of Holy Scripture, exhorting us to prayer and other good works. Alii vero dixerunt quod per orationes mutatur divina praedestinatio. Et haec dicitur fuisse opinio Aegyptiorum, qui ponebant ordinationem divinam, quam fatum appellabant, aliquibus sacrificiis et orationibus impediri posse. Sed contra hoc etiam est auctoritas sacrae Scripturae. Dicitur enim I Reg. XV, porro triumphator in Israel non parcet, neque poenitudine flectetur. Et Rom. XI dicitur quod sine poenitentia sunt dona Dei et vocatio. Others declared that the divine predestination was altered through prayer. This is stated to have been the opinion of the Egyptians, who thought that the divine ordination, which they called fate, could be frustrated by certain sacrifices and prayers. Against this also is the authority of Scripture. For it is said: But the triumpher in Israel will not spare and will not be moved to repentance (1 Kgs 15:29); and that the gifts and the calling of God are without repentance (Rom 11:29). Et ideo aliter dicendum, quod in praedestinatione duo sunt consideranda, scilicet ipsa praeordinatio divina, et effectus eius. Quantum igitur ad primum, nullo modo praedestinatio iuvatur precibus sanctorum, non enim precibus sanctorum fit, quod aliquis praedestinetur a Deo. Quantum vero ad secundum, dicitur praedestinatio iuvari precibus sanctorum, et aliis bonis operibus, quia providentia, cuius praedestinatio est pars, non subtrahit causas secundas, sed sic providet effectus, ut etiam ordo causarum secundarum subiaceat providentiae. Sicut igitur sic providentur naturales effectus, ut etiam causae naturales ad illos naturales effectus ordinentur, sine quibus illi effectus non provenirent; ita praedestinatur a Deo salus alicuius, ut etiam sub ordine praedestinationis cadat quidquid hominem promovet in salutem, vel orationes propriae, vel aliorum, vel alia bona, vel quidquid huiusmodi, sine quibus aliquis salutem non consequitur. Unde praedestinatis conandum est ad bene operandum et orandum, quia per huiusmodi praedestinationis effectus certitudinaliter impletur. Propter quod dicitur II Petr. I, satagite, ut per bona opera certam vestram vocationem et electionem faciatis. Wherefore we must say otherwise that in predestination two things are to be considered—namely, the divine ordination; and its effect. As regards the former, in no possible way can predestination be furthered by the prayers of the saints. For it is not due to their prayers that anyone is predestined by God. As regards the latter, predestination is said to be helped by the prayers of the saints, and by other good works; because providence, of which predestination is a part, does not do away with secondary causes but so provides effects, that the order of secondary causes falls also under providence. So, as natural effects are provided by God in such a way that natural causes are directed to bring about those natural effects, without which those effects would not happen; so the salvation of a person is predestined by God in such a way, that whatever helps that person towards salvation falls under the order of predestination; whether it be one’s own prayers or those of another; or other good works, and such like, without which one would not attain to salvation. Whence, the predestined must strive after good works and prayer; because through these means predestination is most certainly fulfilled. For this reason it is said: Labor more that by good works you may make sure your calling and election (2 Pet 1:10). Ad primum ergo dicendum quod ratio illa ostendit quod praedestinatio non iuvatur precibus sanctorum, quantum ad ipsam praeordinationem. Reply Obj. 1: This argument shows that predestination is not furthered by the prayers of the saints, as regards the preordination. Ad secundum dicendum quod aliquis dicitur adiuvari per alium, dupliciter. Uno modo, inquantum ab eo accipit virtutem, et sic adiuvari infirmi est, unde Deo non competit. Et sic intelligitur illud, quis adiuvit spiritum domini? Alio modo dicitur quis adiuvari per aliquem, per quem exequitur suam operationem, sicut dominus per ministrum. Et hoc modo Deus adiuvatur per nos, inquantum exequimur suam ordinationem, secundum illud I ad Cor. III, Dei enim adiutores sumus. Neque hoc est propter defectum divinae virtutis, sed quia utitur causis mediis, ut ordinis pulchritudo servetur in rebus, et ut etiam creaturis dignitatem causalitatis communicet. Reply Obj. 2: One is said to be helped by another in two ways; in one way, inasmuch as he receives power from him: and to be helped thus belongs to the weak; but this cannot be said of God, and thus we are to understand, Who hath helped the Spirit of the Lord? In another way one is said to be helped by a person through whom he carries out his work, as a master through a servant. In this way God is helped by us; inasmuch as we execute His orders, according to 1 Cor. 3:9: We are God’s co-adjutors. Nor is this on account of any defect in the power of God, but because He employs intermediary causes, in order that the beauty of order may be preserved in the universe; and also that He may communicate to creatures the dignity of causality. Ad tertium dicendum quod secundae causae non possunt egredi ordinem causae primae universalis, ut supra dictum est; sed ipsum exequuntur. Et ideo praedestinatio per creaturas potest adiuvari, sed non impediri. Reply Obj. 3: Secondary causes cannot escape the order of the first universal cause, as has been said above (Q. 19, A. 6), indeed, they execute that order. And therefore predestination can be furthered by creatures, but it cannot be impeded by them. Quaestio 24 Question 24