Respondeo dicendum quod cognitio sensitiva ordinatur ad duo. Uno enim modo, tam in hominibus quam in aliis animalibus, ordinatur ad corporis sustentationem, quia per huiusmodi cognitionem homines et alia animalia vitant nociva, et conquirunt ea quae sunt necessaria ad corporis sustentationem. Alio modo, specialiter in homine ordinatur ad cognitionem intellectivam, vel speculativam vel practicam. Apponere ergo studium circa sensibilia cognoscenda, dupliciter potest esse vitiosum. Uno modo, inquantum cognitio sensitiva non ordinatur in aliquid utile, sed potius avertit hominem ab aliqua utili consideratione. Unde Augustinus dicit, in X Confess., canem currentem post leporem iam non specto cum in circo fit. At vero in agro, si casu transeam, avertit me fortassis ab aliqua magna cogitatione, atque ad se convertit illa venatio, et nisi iam mihi demonstrata infirmitate mea, cito admoneas, vanus hebesco. Alio modo, inquantum cognitio sensitiva ordinatur ad aliquod noxium, sicut inspectio mulieris ordinatur ad concupiscendum; et diligens inquisitio eorum quae ab aliis fiunt, ordinatur ad detrahendum. Si quis autem cognitioni sensibilium intendit ordinate, propter necessitatem sustentandae naturae, vel propter studium intelligendae veritatis, est virtuosa studiositas circa sensibilem cognitionem. I answer that, The knowledge of sensible things is directed to two things. For in the first place, both in man and in other animals, it is directed to the upkeep of the body, because by knowledge of this kind, man and other animals avoid what is harmful to them, and seek those things that are necessary for the body’s sustenance. In the second place, it is directed in a manner special to man, to intellective knowledge, whether speculative or practical. Accordingly to employ study for the purpose of knowing sensible things may be sinful in two ways. First, when the sensitive knowledge is not directed to something useful, but turns man away from some useful consideration. Hence Augustine says (Confess. x, 35), I go no more to see a dog coursing a hare in the circus; but in the open country, if I happen to be passing, that coursing haply will distract me from some weighty thought, and draw me after it
. . . and unless Thou, having made me see my weakness, didst speedily admonish me, I become foolishly dull. Second, when the knowledge of sensible things is directed to something harmful, as looking on a woman is directed to lust: even so the busy inquiry into other people’s actions is directed to detraction. On the other hand, if one be ordinately intent on the knowledge of sensible things by reason of the necessity of sustaining nature, or for the sake of the study of intelligible truth, this studiousness about the knowledge of sensible things is virtuous. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod luxuria et gula sunt circa delectationes quae sunt in usu rerum tangibilium. Sed circa delectationem cognitionis omnium sensuum est curiositas. Et vocatur concupiscentia oculorum, quia oculi sunt ad cognoscendum in sensibus principales, unde omnia sensibilia videri dicuntur, ut Augustinus dicit, in X Confess. Et sicut Augustinus ibidem subdit, ex hoc evidentius discernitur quid voluptatis, quid curiositatis agatur per sensus, quod voluptas pulchra, suavia, canora, sapida, lenia sectatur; curiositas autem etiam his contraria, tentandi causa, non ad subeundam molestiam, sed experiendi noscendique libidinem. Reply Obj. 1: Lust and gluttony are about pleasures arising from the use of objects of touch, whereas curiosity is about pleasures arising from the knowledge acquired through all the senses. According to Augustine (Confess. x, 35) it is called concupiscence of the eyes because the sight is the sense chiefly used for obtaining knowledge, so that all sensible things are said to be seen, and as he says further on: By this it may more evidently be discerned wherein pleasure and wherein curiosity is the object of the senses; for pleasure seeketh objects beautiful, melodious, fragrant, savory, soft; but curiosity, for trial’s sake, seeketh even the contraries of these, not for the sake of suffering annoyance, but out of the lust of experiment and knowledge. Ad secundum dicendum quod inspectio spectaculorum vitiosa redditur inquantum per hoc homo fit pronus ad vitia vel lasciviae vel crudelitatis, per ea quae ibi repraesentantur. Unde Chrysostomus dicit quod adulteros et inverecundos constituunt tales inspectiones. Reply Obj. 2: Sight-seeing becomes sinful, when it renders a man prone to the vices of lust and cruelty on account of things he sees represented. Hence Chrysostom says that such sights make men adulterers and shameless. Ad tertium dicendum quod prospicere facta aliorum bono animo, vel ad utilitatem propriam, ut scilicet homo ex bonis operibus proximi provocetur ad melius, vel etiam ad utilitatem illius, ut scilicet corrigatur si quid ab eo agitur vitiose, secundum regulam caritatis et debitum officii, est laudabile, secundum illud Heb. X, considerate vos invicem in provocationem caritatis et bonorum operum. Sed quod aliquis intendit ad consideranda vitia proximorum ad despiciendum vel detrahendum, vel saltem inutiliter inquietandum, est vitiosum. Unde dicitur Prov. XXIV, ne insidieris et quaeras iniquitatem in domo iusti, neque vastes requiem eius. Reply Obj. 3: One may watch other people’s actions or inquire into them, with a good intent, either for one’s own good—that is in order to be encouraged to better deeds by the deeds of our neighbor—or for our neighbor’s good—that is in order to correct him, if he do anything wrong, according to the rule of charity and the duty of one’s position. This is praiseworthy, according to Heb. 10:24, Consider one another to provoke unto charity and to good works. But to observe our neighbor’s faults with the intention of looking down upon them, or of detracting them, or even with no further purpose than that of disturbing them, is sinful: hence it is written (Prov 24:15), Lie not in wait, nor seek after wickedness in the house of the just, nor spoil his rest. Quaestio 168 Question 168 De modestia secundum quod consistit in exterioribus motibus corporis Modesty in the Outward Movements of the Body Deinde considerandum est de modestia secundum quod consistit in exterioribus motibus corporis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. We must next consider modesty as consisting in the outward movements of the body, and under this head there are four points of inquiry: Primo, utrum in exterioribus motibus corporis qui serio aguntur, possit esse virtus et vitium. (1) Whether there can be virtue and vice in the outward movements of the body that are done seriously? Secundo, utrum possit esse aliqua virtus circa actiones ludi. (2) Whether there can be a virtue about playful actions? Tertio, de peccato quod fit ex excessu ludi. (3) Of the sin consisting in excess of play; Quarto, de peccato ex defectu ludi. (4) Of the sin consisting in lack of play. Articulus 1 Article 1 Utrum in exterioribus motibus corporis sit aliqua virtus Whether any virtue regards the outward movements of the body? Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in exterioribus motibus corporis non sit aliqua virtus. Omnis enim virtus pertinet ad spiritualem animae decorem, secundum illud Psalmi, omnis gloria eius filiae regis ab intus, Glossa, idest, in conscientia. Sed motus corporales non sunt ab intus, sed exterius. Ergo circa huiusmodi motus non potest esse virtus. Objection 1: It would seem that no virtue regards the outward movements of the body. For every virtue pertains to the spiritual beauty of the soul, according to Ps. 44:14, All the glory of the king’s daughter is within, and a gloss adds, namely, in the conscience. Now the movements of the body are not within, but without. Therefore there can be no virtue about them. Praeterea, virtutes non sunt nobis a natura, ut patet per philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed motus corporales exteriores sunt hominibus a natura, secundum quam quidam sunt velocis motus et quidam tardi motus, et idem est de aliis differentiis exteriorum motuum. Ergo circa tales motus non attenditur aliqua virtus. Obj. 2: Further, Virtues are not in us by nature, as the Philosopher states (Ethic. ii, 1). But outward bodily movements are in man by nature, since it is by nature that some are quick, and some slow of movement, and the same applies to other differences of outward movements. Therefore there is no virtue about movements of this kind. Praeterea, omnis virtus moralis est circa actiones quae sunt ad alterum, sicut iustitia, vel circa passiones, sicut temperantia et fortitudo. Sed exteriores motus corporales non sunt ad alterum, neque etiam sunt passiones. Ergo circa eos non est aliqua virtus. Obj. 3: Further, every moral virtue is either about actions directed to another person, as justice, or about passions, as temperance and fortitude. Now outward bodily movements are not directed to another person, nor are they passions. Therefore no virtue is connected with them. Praeterea, in omni opere virtutis est studium adhibendum, ut supra dictum est. Sed adhibere studium in dispositione exteriorum motuum est vituperabile, dicit enim Ambrosius, in I de Offic., est gressus probabilis in quo sit species auctoritatis, gravitatisque pondus, tranquillitatis vestigium, ita tamen si studium desit atque affectatio, sed motus sit purus ac simplex. Ergo videtur quod circa compositionem exteriorum motuum non consistat virtus. Obj. 4: Further, study should be applied to all works of virtue, as stated above (Q. 166, A. 1, Obj. 1; A. 2, ad 1). Now it is censurable to apply study to the ordering of one’s outward movements: for Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 18): A becoming gait is one that reflects the carriage of authority, has the tread of gravity, and the foot-print of tranquillity: yet so that there be neither study nor affectation, but natural and artless movement. Therefore seemingly there is no virtue about the style of outward movements. Sed contra est quod decor honestatis pertinet ad virtutem. Sed compositio exteriorum motuum pertinet ad decorem honestatis, dicit enim Ambrosius, in I de Offic., sicut molliculum et infractum aut vocis sonum aut gestum corporis non probo, ita neque agrestem aut rusticum. Naturam imitemur, effigies eius formula disciplinae, forma honestatis est. Ergo circa compositionem exteriorum motuum est virtus. On the contrary, The beauty of honesty pertains to virtue. Now the style of outward movements pertains to the beauty of honesty. For Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 18): The sound of the voice and the gesture of the body are distasteful to me, whether they be unduly soft and nerveless, or coarse and boorish. Let nature be our model; her reflection is gracefulness of conduct and beauty of honesty. Therefore there is a virtue about the style of outward movement. Respondeo dicendum quod virtus moralis consistit in hoc quod ea quae sunt hominis per rationem ordinantur. Manifestum est autem quod exteriores motus hominis sunt per rationem ordinabiles, quia ad imperium rationis exteriora membra moventur. Unde manifestum est quod circa horum motuum ordinationem virtus moralis consistit. Ordinatio autem horum motuum attenditur quantum ad duo, uno quidem modo, secundum convenientiam personae; alio modo, secundum convenientiam ad exteriores personas, negotia seu loca. I answer that, Moral virtue consists in the things pertaining to man being directed by his reason. Now it is manifest that the outward movements of man are dirigible by reason, since the outward members are set in motion at the command of reason. Hence it is evident that there is a moral virtue concerned with the direction of these movements. Now the direction of these movements may be considered from a twofold standpoint. First, in respect of fittingness to the person; second, in respect of fittingness to externals, whether persons, business, or place. Unde dicit Ambrosius, in I de Offic., hoc est pulchritudinem vivendi tenere, convenientia cuique sexui et personae reddere, et hoc pertinet ad primum. Quantum autem ad secundum, subditur, hic ordo gestorum optimus, hic ornatus ad omnem actionem accommodus. Hence Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 18): Beauty of conduct consists in becoming behavior towards others, according to their sex and person, and this regards the first. As to the second, he adds: This is the best way to order our behavior, this is the polish becoming to every action. Et ideo circa huiusmodi exteriores motus ponit Andronicus duo. Scilicet ornatum, qui respicit convenientiam personae, unde dicit quod est scientia circa decens in motu et habitudine. Et bonam ordinationem, quae respicit convenientiam ad diversa negotia et ea quae circumstant, unde dicit quod est experientia separationis, idest distinctionis, actionum. Hence Andronicus ascribes two things to these outward movements: namely taste (ornatus) which regards what is becoming to the person, wherefore he says that it is the knowledge of what is becoming in movement and behavior; and methodicalness (bona ordinatio) which regards what is becoming to the business in hand, and to one’s surroundings, wherefore he calls it the practical knowledge of separation, i.e., of the distinction of acts. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod motus exteriores sunt quaedam signa interioris dispositionis, secundum illud Eccli. XIX, amictus corporis, et risus dentium, et ingressus hominis, enuntiant de illo. Et Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod habitus mentis in corporis statu cernitur, et quod vox quaedam animi est corporis motus. Reply Obj. 1: Outward movements are signs of the inward disposition, according to Ecclus. 19:27, The attire of the body, and the laughter of the teeth, and the gait of the man, show what he is; and Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 18) that the habit of mind is seen in the gesture of the body, and that the body’s movement is an index of the soul. Ad secundum dicendum quod, quamvis ex naturali dispositione habeat homo aptitudinem ad hanc vel illam dispositionem exteriorum motuum, tamen quod deest naturae, potest suppleri ex industria rationis. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., motum natura informat, si quid sane in natura vitii est, industria emendet. Reply Obj. 2: Although it is from natural disposition that a man is inclined to this or that style of outward movement, nevertheless what is lacking to nature can be supplied by the efforts of reason. Hence Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 18): Let nature guide the movement: and if nature fail in any respect, surely effort will supply the defect. Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, exteriores motus sunt quaedam signa interioris dispositionis, quae praecipue attenditur secundum animae passiones. Et ideo moderatio exteriorum motuum requirit moderationem interiorum passionum. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod hinc, scilicet ex motibus exterioribus, homo cordis nostri absconditus aut levior aut iactanctior aut turbidior, aut gravior et constantior et purior et maturior aestimatur. Per motus etiam exteriores alii homines de nobis iudicium capiunt, secundum illud Eccli. XIX, ex visu cognoscitur vir, et ab occursu faciei cognoscitur sensatus. Et ideo moderatio exteriorum motuum quodammodo ad alios ordinatur, secundum illud quod Augustinus dicit, in regula, in omnibus motibus vestris nihil fiat quod cuiusquam offendat aspectum, sed quod vestram deceat sanctitatem. Et ideo moderatio exteriorum motuum potest reduci ad duas virtutes quas philosophus tangit in IV Ethic. Inquantum enim per exteriores motus ordinamur ad alios, pertinet exteriorum motuum moderatio ad amicitiam vel affabilitatem, quae attenditur circa delectationes et tristitias quae sunt in verbis et factis in ordine ad alios quibus homo convivit. Inquantum vero exteriores motus sunt signa interioris dispositionis, pertinet eorum moderatio ad virtutem veritatis, secundum quam aliquis talem se exhibet in verbis et factis qualis est interius. Reply Obj. 3: As stated (ad 1) outward movements are indications of the inward disposition, and this regards chiefly the passions of the soul. Wherefore Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 18) that from these things, i.e., the outward movements, the man that lies hidden in our hearts is esteemed to be either frivolous, or boastful, or impure, or on the other hand sedate, steady, pure, and free from blemish. It is moreover from our outward movements that other men form their judgment about us, according to Ecclus. 19:26, A man is known by his look, and a wise man, when thou meetest him, is known by his countenance. Hence moderation of outward movements is directed somewhat to other persons, according to the saying of Augustine in his Rule (Ep. ccxi), In all your movements, let nothing be done to offend the eye of another, but only that which is becoming to the holiness of your state. Wherefore the moderation of outward movements may be reduced to two virtues, which the Philosopher mentions in Ethic. iv, 6, 7. For, insofar as by outward movements we are directed to other persons, the moderation of our outward movements belongs to friendliness or affability. This regards pleasure or pain which may arise from words or deeds in reference to others with whom a man comes in contact. And, insofar as outward movements are signs of our inward disposition, their moderation belongs to the virtue of truthfulness, whereby a man, by word and deed, shows himself to be such as he is inwardly. Ad quartum dicendum quod in compositione exteriorum motuum studium vituperatur per quod aliquis fictione quadam in exterioribus motibus utitur, ita quod interiori dispositioni non conveniant. Debet tamen tale studium adhiberi ut, si quid in eis inordinatum est, corrigatur. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., ars desit, non desit correctio. Reply Obj. 4: It is censurable to study the style of one’s outward movements, by having recourse to pretense in them, so that they do not agree with one’s inward disposition. Nevertheless it behooves one to study them, so that if they be in any way inordinate, this may be corrected. Hence Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 18): Let them be without artifice, but not without correction. Articulus 2 Article 2 Utrum in ludis possit esse aliqua virtus Whether there can be a virtue about games? Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in ludis non possit esse aliqua virtus. Dicit enim Ambrosius, in I de Offic., dominus ait, vae, vobis qui ridetis, quia flebitis. Non solum ergo profusos, sed etiam omnes iocos declinandos arbitror. Sed illud quod potest virtuose fieri, non est totaliter declinandum. Non ergo circa ludos potest esse virtus. Objection 1: It would seem that there cannot be a virtue about games. For Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 23): Our Lord said: ‘Woe to you who laugh, for you shall weep.’ Wherefore I consider that all, and not only excessive, games should be avoided. Now that which can be done virtuously is not to be avoided altogether. Therefore there cannot be a virtue about games. Praeterea, virtus est quam Deus in nobis sine nobis operatur, ut supra habitum est. Sed Chrysostomus dicit, non dat Deus ludere, sed Diabolus. Audi quid ludentes passi sunt, sedit populus manducare et bibere, et surrexerunt ludere. Ergo circa ludos non potest esse virtus. Obj. 2: Further, Virtue is that which God forms in us, without us, as stated above (I-II, Q. 55, A. 4). Now Chrysostom says: It is not God, but the devil, that is the author of fun. Listen to what happened to those who played: ‘The people sat down to eat and drink, and they rose up to play.’ Therefore there can be no virtue about games. Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in X Ethic., quod operationes ludi non ordinantur in aliquid aliud. Sed ad virtutem requiritur ut propter aliquid eligens operetur, sicut patet per philosophum, in II Ethic. Ergo circa ludos non potest esse aliqua virtus. Obj. 3: Further, the Philosopher says (Ethic. x, 6) that playful actions are not directed to something else. But it is a requisite of virtue that the agent in choosing should direct his action to something else, as the Philosopher states (Ethic. ii, 4). Therefore there can be no virtue about games. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in II musicae, volo tandem tibi parcas, nam sapientem decet interdum remittere aciem rebus agendis intentam. Sed ista remissio animi a rebus agendis fit per ludicra verba et facta. Ergo his uti interdum ad sapientem et virtuosum pertinet. Philosophus etiam ponit virtutem eutrapeliae circa ludos, quam nos possumus dicere iucunditatem. On the contrary, Augustine says (Music. ii, 15): I pray thee, spare thyself at times: for it becomes a wise man sometimes to relax the high pressure of his attention to work. Now this relaxation of the mind from work consists in playful words or deeds. Therefore it becomes a wise and virtuous man to have recourse to such things at times. Moreover the Philosopher assigns to games the virtue of eutrapelia, which we may call pleasantness. Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut homo indiget corporali quiete ad corporis refocillationem, quod non potest continue laborare, propter hoc quod habet finitam virtutem, quae determinatis laboribus proportionatur; ita etiam est ex parte animae, cuius etiam est virtus finita ad determinatas operationes proportionata, et ideo, quando ultra modum suum in aliquas operationes se extendit, laborat, et ex hoc fatigatur, praesertim quia in operationibus animae simul etiam laborat corpus, inquantum scilicet anima, etiam intellectiva, utitur viribus per organa corporea operantibus. Sunt autem bona sensibilia connaturalia homini. Et ideo, quando anima supra sensibilia elevatur operibus rationis intenta, nascitur exinde quaedam fatigatio animalis, sive homo intendat operibus rationis practicae, sive speculativae. Magis tamen si operibus contemplationis intendat, quia per hoc magis a sensibilibus elevatur, quamvis forte in aliquibus operibus exterioribus rationis practicae maior labor corporis consistat. In utrisque tamen tanto aliquis magis animaliter fatigatur, quanto vehementius operibus rationis intendat. Sicut autem fatigatio corporalis solvitur per corporis quietem, ita etiam oportet quod fatigatio animalis solvatur per animae quietem. Quies autem animae est delectatio, ut supra habitum est, cum de passionibus ageretur. Et ideo oportet remedium contra fatigationem animalem adhibere per aliquam delectationem, intermissa intentione ad insistendum studio rationis. Sicut in collationibus patrum legitur quod beatus Evangelista Ioannes, cum quidam scandalizarentur quod eum cum suis discipulis ludentem invenerunt, dicitur mandasse uni eorum, qui arcum gerebat, ut sagittam traheret. Quod cum pluries fecisset, quaesivit utrum hoc continue facere posset. Qui respondit quod, si hoc continue faceret, arcus frangeretur. Unde beatus Ioannes subintulit quod similiter animus hominis frangeretur, si nunquam a sua intentione relaxaretur. I answer that, Just as man needs bodily rest for the body’s refreshment, because he cannot always be at work, since his power is finite and equal to a certain fixed amount of labor, so too is it with his soul, whose power is also finite and equal to a fixed amount of work. Consequently when he goes beyond his measure in a certain work, he is oppressed and becomes weary, and all the more since when the soul works, the body is at work likewise, insofar as the intellective soul employs forces that operate through bodily organs. Now sensible goods are connatural to man, and therefore, when the soul arises above sensibles, through being intent on the operations of reason, there results in consequence a certain weariness of soul, whether the operations with which it is occupied be those of the practical or of the speculative reason. Yet this weariness is greater if the soul be occupied with the work of contemplation, since thereby it is raised higher above sensible things; although perhaps certain outward works of the practical reason entail a greater bodily labor. In either case, however, one man is more soul-wearied than another, according as he is more intensely occupied with works of reason. Now just as weariness of the body is dispelled by resting the body, so weariness of the soul must needs be remedied by resting the soul: and the soul’s rest is pleasure, as stated above (I-II, Q. 25, A. 2; I-II, Q. 31, A. 1, ad 2). Consequently, the remedy for weariness of soul must needs consist in the application of some pleasure, by slackening the tension of the reason’s study. Thus in the Conferences of the Fathers (xxiv, 21), it is related of Blessed John the Evangelist, that when some people were scandalized on finding him playing together with his disciples, he is said to have told one of them who carried a bow to shoot an arrow. And when the latter had done this several times, he asked him whether he could do it indefinitely, and the man answered that if he continued doing it, the bow would break. Whence the Blessed John drew the inference that in like manner man’s mind would break if its tension were never relaxed. Huiusmodi autem dicta vel facta, in quibus non quaeritur nisi delectatio animalis, vocantur ludicra vel iocosa. Et ideo necesse est talibus interdum uti, quasi ad quandam animae quietem. Et hoc est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod in huius vitae conversatione quaedam requies cum ludo habetur, et ideo oportet interdum aliquibus talibus uti. Now such like words or deeds wherein nothing further is sought than the soul’s delight, are called playful or humorous. Hence it is necessary at times to make use of them, in order to give rest, as it were, to the soul. This is in agreement with the statement of the Philosopher (Ethic. iv, 8) that in the intercourse of this life there is a kind of rest that is associated with games: and consequently it is sometimes necessary to make use of such things. Circa quae tamen tria videntur praecipue esse cavenda. Quorum primum et principale est quod praedicta delectatio non quaeratur in aliquibus operationibus vel verbis turpibus vel nocivis. Unde Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., quod unum genus iocandi est illiberale, petulans, flagitiosum, obscenum. Aliud autem attendendum est, ne totaliter gravitas animae resolvatur. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., caveamus ne, dum relaxare animum volumus, solvamus omnem harmoniam, quasi concentum quendam bonorum operum. Et Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., quod sicut pueris non omnem ludendi licentiam damus, sed eam quae ab honestatis actionibus non sit aliena; sic in ipso ioco aliquod probi ingenii lumen eluceat. Tertio autem est attendendum, sicut et in omnibus aliis humanis actibus, ut congruat personae et tempori et loco, et secundum alias circumstantias debite ordinetur, ut scilicet sit et tempore et homine dignus, ut Tullius dicit, ibidem. Nevertheless it would seem that in this matter there are three points which require especial caution. The first and chief is that the pleasure in question should not be sought in indecent or injurious deeds or words. Wherefore Tully says (De Offic. i, 29) that one kind of joke is discourteous, insolent, scandalous, obscene. Another thing to be observed is that one lose not the balance of one’s mind altogether. Hence Ambrose says (De Offic. i, 20): We should beware lest, when we seek relaxation of mind, we destroy all that harmony which is the concord of good works: and Tully says (De Offic. i, 29), that, Just as we do not allow children to enjoy absolute freedom in their games, but only that which is consistent with good behavior, so our very fun should reflect something of an upright mind. Third, we must be careful, as in all other human actions, to conform ourselves to persons, time, and place, and take due account of other circumstances, so that our fun befit the hour and the man, as Tully says (De Offic. i, 29). Huiusmodi autem secundum regulam rationis ordinantur. Habitus autem secundum rationem operans est virtus moralis. Et ideo circa ludos potest esse aliqua virtus, quam philosophus eutrapeliam nominat. Et dicitur aliquis eutrapelus a bona versione, quia scilicet bene convertit aliqua dicta vel facta in solatium. Et inquantum per hanc virtutem homo refrenatur ab immoderantia ludorum, sub modestia continetur. Now these things are directed according to the rule of reason: and a habit that operates according to reason is virtue. Therefore there can be a virtue about games. The Philosopher gives it the name of wittiness (eutrapelia), and a man is said to be pleasant through having a happy turn of mind, whereby he gives his words and deeds a cheerful turn: and inasmuch as this virtue restrains a man from immoderate fun, it is comprised under modesty. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iocosa debent congruere negotiis et personis. Unde et Tullius dicit, in I Rhet., quod quando auditores sunt defatigati, non est inutile ab aliqua re nova aut ridicula oratorem incipere, si tamen rei dignitas non adimit iocandi facultatem. Doctrina autem sacra maximis rebus intendit, secundum illud Prov. VIII, audite, quoniam de rebus magnis locutura sum. Unde Ambrosius non excludit universaliter iocum a conversatione humana, sed a doctrina sacra. Unde praemittit, licet interdum honesta ioca ac suavia sint, tamen ab ecclesiastica abhorrent regula, quoniam quae in Scripturis sanctis non reperimus, ea quem ad modum usurpare possumus? Reply Obj. 1: As stated above, fun should fit with business and persons; wherefore Tully says (De Invent. Rhet. i, 17) that when the audience is weary, it will be useful for the speaker to try something novel or amusing, provided that joking be not incompatible with the gravity of the subject. Now the sacred doctrine is concerned with things of the greatest moment, according to Prov. 8:6, Hear, for I will speak of great things. Wherefore Ambrose does not altogether exclude fun from human speech, but from the sacred doctrine; hence he begins by saying: Although jokes are at times fitting and pleasant, nevertheless they are incompatible with the ecclesiastical rule; since how can we have recourse to things which are not to be found in Holy Writ?