Sed contra, ubi non est distinctio ibi non est numerus. Sed spes connumeratur aliis virtutibus theologicis, dicit enim Gregorius, in I Moral., esse tres virtutes, fidem, spem et caritatem. Ergo spes est virtus distincta ab aliis theologicis. On the contrary, There cannot be number without distinction. Now hope is numbered with the other theological virtues: for Gregory says (Moral. i, 16) that the three virtues are faith, hope, and charity. Therefore hope is distinct from the theological virtues. Respondeo dicendum quod virtus aliqua dicitur theologica ex hoc quod habet Deum pro obiecto cui inhaeret. Potest autem aliquis alicui rei inhaerere dupliciter, uno modo, propter seipsum; alio modo, inquantum ex eo ad aliud devenitur. Caritas igitur facit hominem Deo inhaerere propter seipsum, mentem hominis uniens Deo per affectum amoris. I answer that, A virtue is said to be theological from having God for the object to which it adheres. Now one may adhere to a thing in two ways: first, for its own sake; second, because something else is attained thereby. Accordingly charity makes us adhere to God for His own sake, uniting our minds to God by the emotion of love. Spes autem et fides faciunt hominem inhaerere Deo sicut cuidam principio ex quo aliqua nobis proveniunt. De Deo autem provenit nobis et cognitio veritatis et adeptio perfectae bonitatis. Fides ergo facit hominem Deo inhaerere inquantum est nobis principium cognoscendi veritatem, credimus enim ea vera esse quae nobis a Deo dicuntur. Spes autem facit Deo adhaerere prout est nobis principium perfectae bonitatis, inquantum scilicet per spem divino auxilio innitimur ad beatitudinem obtinendam. On the other hand, hope and faith make man adhere to God as to a principle wherefrom certain things accrue to us. Now we derive from God both knowledge of truth and the attainment of perfect goodness. Accordingly faith makes us adhere to God, as the source whence we derive the knowledge of truth, since we believe that what God tells us is true: while hope makes us adhere to God, as the source whence we derive perfect goodness, i.e., insofar as, by hope, we trust to the Divine assistance for obtaining happiness. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod Deus secundum aliam et aliam rationem est obiectum harum virtutum, ut dictum est. Ad distinctionem autem habituum sufficit diversa ratio obiecti, ut supra habitum est. Reply Obj. 1: God is the object of these virtues under different aspects, as stated above: and a different aspect of the object suffices for the distinction of habits, as stated above (I-II, Q. 54, A. 2). Ad secundum dicendum quod expectatio ponitur in symbolo fidei non quia sit actus proprius fidei, sed inquantum actus spei praesupponit fidem, ut dicetur, et sic actus fidei manifestantur per actus spei. Reply Obj. 2: Expectation is mentioned in the symbol of faith, not as though it were the proper act of faith, but because the act of hope presupposes the act of faith, as we shall state further on (A. 7). Hence an act of faith is expressed in the act of hope. Ad tertium dicendum quod spes facit tendere in Deum sicut in quoddam bonum finale adipiscendum, et sicut in quoddam adiutorium efficax ad subveniendum. Sed caritas proprie facit tendere in Deum uniendo affectum hominis Deo, ut scilicet homo non sibi vivat sed Deo. Reply Obj. 3: Hope makes us tend to God, as to a good to be obtained finally, and as to a helper strong to assist: whereas charity, properly speaking, makes us tend to God, by uniting our affections to Him, so that we live, not for ourselves, but for God. Articulus 7 Article 7 Utrum spes praecedat fidem Whether hope precedes faith? Ad septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes praecedat fidem. Quia super illud Psalm., spera in domino, et fac bonitatem, dicit Glossa, spes est introitus fidei, initium salutis. Sed salus est per fidem, per quam iustificamur. Ergo spes praecedit fidem. Objection 1: It would seem that hope precedes faith. Because a gloss on Ps. 36:3, Trust in the Lord, and do good, says: Hope is the entrance to faith and the beginning of salvation. But salvation is by faith whereby we are justified. Therefore hope precedes faith. Praeterea, illud quod ponitur in definitione alicuius debet esse prius et magis notum. Sed spes ponitur in definitione fidei, ut patet Heb. XI, fides est substantia rerum sperandarum. Ergo spes est prior fide. Obj. 2: Further, that which is included in a definition should precede the thing defined and be more known. But hope is included in the definition of faith (Heb 11:1): Faith is the substance of things to be hoped for. Therefore hope precedes faith. Praeterea, spes praecedit actum meritorium, dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. IX, quod qui arat debet arare in spe fructus percipiendi. Sed actus fidei est meritorius. Ergo spes praecedit fidem. Obj. 3: Further, hope precedes a meritorious act, for the Apostle says (1 Cor 9:10): He that plougheth should plough in hope . . . to receive fruit. But the act of faith is meritorious. Therefore hope precedes faith. Sed contra est quod Matth. I dicitur, Abraham genuit Isaac, idest fides spem, sicut dicit Glossa. On the contrary, It is written (Matt 1:2): Abraham begot Isaac, i.e., Faith begot hope, according to a gloss. Respondeo dicendum quod fides absolute praecedit spem. Obiectum enim spei est bonum futurum arduum possibile haberi. Ad hoc ergo quod aliquis speret, requiritur quod obiectum spei proponatur ei ut possibile. Sed obiectum spei est uno modo beatitudo aeterna, et alio modo divinum auxilium, ut ex dictis patet. Et utrumque eorum proponitur nobis per fidem, per quam nobis innotescit quod ad vitam aeternam possumus pervenire, et quod ad hoc paratum est nobis divinum auxilium, secundum illud Heb. XI, accedentem ad Deum oportet credere quia est, et quia inquirentibus se remunerator est. Unde manifestum est quod fides praecedit spem. I answer that, Absolutely speaking, faith precedes hope. For the object of hope is a future good, arduous but possible to obtain. In order, therefore, that we may hope, it is necessary for the object of hope to be proposed to us as possible. Now the object of hope is, in one way, eternal happiness, and in another way, the Divine assistance, as explained above (A. 2; A. 6, ad 3): and both of these are proposed to us by faith, whereby we come to know that we are able to obtain eternal life, and that for this purpose the Divine assistance is ready for us, according to Heb. 11:6: He that cometh to God, must believe that He is, and is a rewarder to them that seek Him. Therefore it is evident that faith precedes hope. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut Glossa ibidem subdit, spes dicitur introitus fidei, idest rei creditae, quia per spem intratur ad videndum illud quod creditur. Vel potest dici quod est introitus fidei quia per eam homo intrat ad hoc quod stabiliatur et perficiatur in fide. Reply Obj. 1: As the same gloss observes further on, hope is called the entrance to faith, i.e., of the thing believed, because by hope we enter in to see what we believe. Or we may reply that it is called the entrance to faith, because thereby man begins to be established and perfected in faith. Ad secundum dicendum quod in definitione fidei ponitur res speranda quia proprium obiectum fidei est non apparens secundum seipsum. Unde fuit necessarium ut quadam circumlocutione designaretur per id quod consequitur ad fidem. Reply Obj. 2: The thing to be hoped for is included in the definition of faith, because the proper object of faith, is something not apparent in itself. Hence it was necessary to express it in a circumlocution by something resulting from faith. Ad tertium dicendum quod non omnis actus meritorius habet spem praecedentem, sed sufficit si habeat concomitantem vel consequentem. Reply Obj. 3: Hope does not precede every meritorious act; but it suffices for it to accompany or follow it. Articulus 8 Article 8 Utrum caritas sit prior spe Whether charity precedes hope? Ad octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritas sit prior spe. Dicit enim Ambrosius, super illud Luc. XVII, si habueritis fidem sicut granum sinapis, etc., ex fide est caritas, ex caritate spes. Sed fides est prior caritate. Ergo caritas est prior spe. Objection 1: It would seem that charity precedes hope. For Ambrose says on Luke 27:6, If you had faith like to a grain of mustard seed, etc.: Charity flows from faith, and hope from charity. But faith precedes charity. Therefore charity precedes hope. Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei, quod boni motus atque affectus ex amore et sancta caritate veniunt. Sed sperare, secundum quod est actus spei, est quidam bonus animi motus. Ergo derivatur a caritate. Obj. 2: Further, Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xiv, 9) that good emotions and affections proceed from love and holy charity. Now to hope, considered as an act of hope, is a good emotion of the soul. Therefore it flows from charity. Praeterea, Magister dicit, XXVI dist. III Lib. Sent., quod spes ex meritis provenit, quae praecedunt non solum rem speratam, sed etiam spem, quam natura praeit caritas. Caritas ergo est prior spe. Obj. 3: Further, the Master says (Sent. iii, D, 26) that hope proceeds from merits, which precede not only the thing hoped for, but also hope itself, which, in the order of nature, is preceded by charity. Therefore charity precedes hope. Sed contra est quod apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. I, finis praecepti caritas est de corde puro et conscientia bona, glossa, idest spe. Ergo spes est prior caritate. On the contrary, The Apostle says (1 Tim 1:5): The end of the commandment is charity from a pure heart, and a good conscience, i.e., from hope, according to a gloss. Therefore hope precedes charity. Respondeo dicendum quod duplex est ordo. Unus quidem secundum viam generationis et materiae, secundum quem imperfectum prius est perfecto. Alius autem ordo est perfectionis et formae, secundum quem perfectum naturaliter prius est imperfecto. Secundum igitur primum ordinem spes est prior caritate. Quod sic patet. Quia spes, et omnis appetitivus motus, ex amore derivatur, ut supra habitum est, cum de passionibus ageretur. I answer that, Order is twofold. One is the order of generation and of matter, in respect of which the imperfect precedes the perfect: the other is the order of perfection and form, in respect of which the perfect naturally precedes the imperfect. In respect of the first order hope precedes charity: and this is clear from the fact that hope and all movements of the appetite flow from love, as stated above (I-II, Q. 27, A. 4; I-II, Q. 28, A. 6, ad 2; I-II, Q. 40, A. 7) in the treatise on the passions. Amor autem quidam est perfectus, quidam imperfectus. Perfectus quidem amor est quo aliquis secundum se amatur, ut puta cui aliquis vult bonum, sicut homo amat amicum. Imperfectus amor est quo quis amat aliquid non secundum ipsum, sed ut illud bonum sibi ipsi proveniat, sicut homo amat rem quam concupiscit. Primus autem amor Dei pertinet ad caritatem, quae inhaeret Deo secundum seipsum, sed spes pertinet ad secundum amorem, quia ille qui sperat aliquid sibi obtinere intendit. Et ideo in via generationis spes est prior caritate. Sicut enim aliquis introducitur ad amandum Deum per hoc quod, timens ab ipso puniri, cessat a peccato, ut Augustinus dicit, super primam canonicam Ioan.; ita etiam et spes introducit ad caritatem, inquantum aliquis, sperans remunerari a Deo, accenditur ad amandum Deum et servandum praecepta eius. Sed secundum ordinem perfectionis caritas naturaliter prior est. Et ideo, adveniente caritate, spes perfectior redditur, quia de amicis maxime speramus. Et hoc modo dicit Ambrosius quod spes est ex caritate. Now there is a perfect, and an imperfect love. Perfect love is that whereby a man is loved in himself, as when someone wishes a person some good for his own sake; thus a man loves his friend. Imperfect love is that whereby a man love something, not for its own sake, but that he may obtain that good for himself; thus a man loves what he desires. The first love of God pertains to charity, which adheres to God for His own sake; while hope pertains to the second love, since he that hopes, intends to obtain possession of something for himself. Hence in the order of generation, hope precedes charity. For just as a man is led to love God, through fear of being punished by Him for his sins, as Augustine states (In primam canon. Joan. Tract. ix), so too, hope leads to charity, inasmuch as a man through hoping to be rewarded by God, is encouraged to love God and obey His commandments. On the other hand, in the order of perfection charity naturally precedes hope, wherefore, with the advent of charity, hope is made more perfect, because we hope chiefly in our friends. It is in this sense that Ambrose states (Obj. 1) that hope flows from charity. Unde patet responsio ad primum. This suffices for the Reply to the First Objection. Ad secundum dicendum quod spes, et omnis motus appetitivus, ex amore provenit aliquo, quo scilicet aliquis amat bonum expectatum. Sed non omnis spes provenit a caritate, sed solum motus spei formatae, qua scilicet aliquis sperat bonum a Deo ut ab amico. Reply Obj. 2: Hope and every movement of the appetite proceed from some kind of love, whereby the expected good is loved. But not every kind of hope proceeds from charity, but only the movement of living hope, viz. that whereby man hopes to obtain good from God, as from a friend. Ad tertium dicendum quod Magister loquitur de spe formata, quam naturaliter praecedit caritas, et merita ex caritate causata. Reply Obj. 3: The Master is speaking of living hope, which is naturally preceded by charity and the merits caused by charity. Quaestio 18 Question 18 De subiecto spei The Subject of Hope Deinde considerandum est de subiecto spei. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. We must now consider the subject of hope, under which head there are four points of inquiry: Primo, utrum virtus spei sit in voluntate sicut in subiecto. (1) Whether the virtue of hope is in the will as its subject? Secundo, utrum sit in beatis. (2) Whether it is in the blessed? Tertio, utrum sit in damnatis. (3) Whether it is in the damned? Quarto, utrum in viatoribus habeat certitudinem. (4) Whether there is certainty in the hope of the wayfarer? Articulus 1 Article 1 Utrum spes sit in voluntate sicut in subiecto Whether hope is in the will as its subject?