Ad secundum dicendum quod beatitudo sanctorum dicitur vita aeterna, quia per hoc quod Deo fruuntur, efficiuntur quodammodo participes aeternitatis divinae, quae excedit omne tempus. Et ita continuatio beatitudinis non diversificatur per praesens, praeteritum et futurum. Et ideo beati non habent spem de continuatione beatitudinis, sed habent ipsam rem, quia non est ibi ratio futuri. Reply Obj. 2: The happiness of the saints is called eternal life, because through enjoying God they become partakers, as it were, of God’s eternity which surpasses all time: so that the continuation of happiness does not differ in respect of present, past and future. Hence the blessed do not hope for the continuation of their happiness (for as regards this there is no future), but are in actual possession thereof. Ad tertium dicendum quod, durante virtute spei, eadem spe aliquis sperat beatitudinem sibi et aliis. Sed evacuata spe in beatis qua sperabant sibi beatitudinem, sperant quidem aliis beatitudinem, sed non virtute spei, sed magis ex amore caritatis. Sicut etiam qui habet caritatem Dei eadem caritate diligit proximum, et tamen aliquis potest diligere proximum non habens virtutem caritatis, alio quodam amore. Reply Obj. 3: So long as the virtue of hope lasts, it is by the same hope that one hopes for one’s own happiness, and for that of others. But when hope is voided in the blessed, whereby they hoped for their own happiness, they hope for the happiness of others indeed, yet not by the virtue of hope, but rather by the love of charity. Just as one who has the charity of God loves his neighbor with the same charity, and yet, someone not having the virtue of charity can love his neighbor by another kind of love. Ad quartum dicendum quod, cum spes sit virtus theologica habens Deum pro obiecto, principale obiectum spei est gloria animae, quae in fruitione divina consistit, non autem gloria corporis. Gloria etiam corporis, etsi habeat rationem ardui per comparationem ad naturam humanam, non habet tamen rationem ardui habenti gloriam animae. Tum quia gloria corporis est minimum quiddam in comparatione ad gloriam animae. Tum etiam quia habens gloriam animae habet iam sufficienter causam gloriae corporis. Reply Obj. 4: Since hope is a theological virtue having God for its object, its principal object is the glory of the soul, which consists in the enjoyment of God, and not the glory of the body. Moreover, although the glory of the body is something arduous in comparison with human nature, yet it is not so for one who has the glory of the soul; both because the glory of the body is a very small thing as compared with the glory of the soul, and because one who has the glory of the soul has already the sufficient cause of the glory of the body. Articulus 3 Article 3 Utrum spes sit in damnatis Whether hope is in the damned? Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod in damnatis sit spes. Diabolus enim est et damnatus et princeps damnatorum, secundum illud Matth. XXV, ite, maledicti, in ignem aeternum, qui paratus est Diabolo et Angelis eius. Sed Diabolus habet spem, secundum illud Iob XL, ecce spes eius frustrabitur eum. Ergo videtur quod damnati habeant spem. Objection 1: It would seem that there is hope in the damned. For the devil is damned and prince of the damned, according to Matt. 25:41: Depart . . . you cursed, into everlasting fire, which was prepared for the devil and his angels. But the devil has hope, according to Job 40:28, Behold his hope shall fail him. Therefore it seems that the damned have hope. Praeterea, sicut fides potest esse formata et informis, ita et spes. Sed fides informis potest esse in Daemonibus et damnatis, secundum illud Iac. II, Daemones credunt et contremiscunt. Ergo videtur quod etiam spes informis potest esse in damnatis. Obj. 2: Further, just as faith is either living or dead, so is hope. But lifeless faith can be in the devils and the damned, according to James 2:19: The devils . . . believe and tremble. Therefore it seems that lifeless hope also can be in the damned. Praeterea, nulli hominum post mortem accrescit meritum vel demeritum quod in vita non habuit, secundum illud Eccle. XI, si ceciderit lignum ad Austrum aut ad Aquilonem, in quocumque loco ceciderit ibi erit. Sed multi qui damnabuntur habuerunt in hac vita spem, nunquam desperantes. Ergo etiam in futura vita spem habebunt. Obj. 3: Further, after death there accrues to man no merit or demerit that he had not before, according to Eccles. 11:3, If the tree fall to the south, or to the north, in what place soever it shall fall, there shall it be. Now many who are damned, in this life hoped and never despaired. Therefore they will hope in the future life also. Sed contra est quod spes causat gaudium, secundum illud Rom. XII, spe gaudentes. Sed damnati non sunt in gaudio, sed in dolore et luctu, secundum illud Isaiae LXV, servi mei laudabunt prae exultatione cordis, et vos clamabitis prae dolore cordis et prae contritione spiritus ululabitis. Ergo spes non est in damnatis. On the contrary, Hope causes joy, according to Rom. 12:12, Rejoicing in hope. Now the damned have no joy, but sorrow and grief, according to Isa. 65:14, My servants shall praise for joyfulness of heart, and you shall cry for sorrow of heart, and shall howl for grief of spirit. Therefore no hope is in the damned. Respondeo dicendum quod sicut de ratione beatitudinis est ut in ea quietetur voluntas, ita de ratione poenae est ut id quod pro poena infligitur voluntati repugnet. Non potest autem voluntatem quietare, vel ei repugnare, quod ignoratur. Et ideo Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad Litt., quod Angeli perfecte beati esse non potuerunt in primo statu ante confirmationem, vel miseri ante lapsum, cum non essent praescii sui eventus, requiritur enim ad veram et perfectam beatitudinem ut aliquis certus sit de suae beatitudinis perpetuitate; alioquin voluntas non quietaretur. I answer that, Just as it is a condition of happiness that the will should find rest therein, so is it a condition of punishment, that what is inflicted in punishment, should go against the will. Now that which is not known can neither be restful nor repugnant to the will: wherefore Augustine says (Gen ad lit. xi, 17) that the angels could not be perfectly happy in their first state before their confirmation, or unhappy before their fall, since they had no foreknowledge of what would happen to them. For perfect and true happiness requires that one should be certain of being happy for ever, else the will would not rest. Similiter etiam, cum perpetuitas damnationis pertineat ad poenam damnatorum, non vere haberet rationem poenae nisi voluntati repugnaret, quod esse non posset si perpetuitatem suae damnationis ignorarent. Et ideo ad conditionem miseriae damnatorum pertinet ut ipsi sciant quod nullo modo possunt damnationem evadere et ad beatitudinem pervenire, unde dicitur Iob XV, non credit quod reverti possit de tenebris ad lucem. Unde patet quod non possunt apprehendere beatitudinem ut bonum possibile, sicut nec beati ut bonum futurum. Et ideo neque in beatis neque in damnatis est spes. Sed in viatoribus sive sint in vita ista sive in Purgatorio, potest esse spes, quia utrobique apprehendunt beatitudinem ut futurum possibile. In like manner, since the everlastingness of damnation is a necessary condition of the punishment of the damned, it would not be truly penal unless it went against the will; and this would be impossible if they were ignorant of the everlastingness of their damnation. Hence it belongs to the unhappy state of the damned, that they should know that they cannot by any means escape from damnation and obtain happiness. Wherefore it is written (Job 15:22): He believeth not that he may return from darkness to light. It is, therefore, evident that they cannot apprehend happiness as a possible good, as neither can the blessed apprehend it as a future good. Consequently there is no hope either in the blessed or in the damned. On the other hand, hope can be in wayfarers, whether of this life or in purgatory, because in either case they apprehend happiness as a future possible thing. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, XXXIII Moral., hoc dicitur de Diabolo secundum membra eius, quorum spes annullabitur. Vel si intelligatur de ipso Diabolo, potest referri ad spem qua sperat se de sanctis victoriam obtinere, secundum illud quod supra praemiserat, habet fiduciam quod Iordanis influat in os eius. Haec autem non est spes de qua loquimur. Reply Obj. 1: As Gregory says (Moral. xxxiii, 20) this is said of the devil as regards his members, whose hope will fail utterly: or, if it be understood of the devil himself, it may refer to the hope whereby he expects to vanquish the saints, in which sense we read just before (Job 40:18): He trusteth that the Jordan may run into his mouth: this is not, however, the hope of which we are speaking. Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., fides est et malarum rerum et bonarum, et praeteritarum et praesentium et futurarum, et suarum et alienarum, sed spes non est nisi rerum bonarum futurarum ad se pertinentium. Et ideo magis potest esse fides informis in damnatis quam spes, quia bona divina non sunt eis futura possibilia, sed sunt eis absentia. Reply Obj. 2: As Augustine says (Enchiridion viii), faith is about things, bad or good, past, present, or future, one’s own or another’s; whereas hope is only about good things, future and concerning oneself. Hence it is possible for lifeless faith to be in the damned, but not hope, since the Divine goods are not for them future possible things, but far removed from them. Ad tertium dicendum quod defectus spei in damnatis non variat demeritum, sicut nec evacuatio spei in beatis auget meritum, sed utrumque contingit propter mutationem status. Reply Obj. 3: Lack of hope in the damned does not change their demerit, as neither does the voiding of hope in the blessed increase their merit: but both these things are due to the change in their respective states. Articulus 4 Article 4 Utrum spes viatorum habeat certitudinem Whether there is certainty in the hope of a wayfarer? Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes viatorum non habeat certitudinem. Spes enim est in voluntate sicut in subiecto. Sed certitudo non pertinet ad voluntatem, sed ad intellectum. Ergo spes non habet certitudinem. Objection 1: It would seem that there is no certainty in the hope of a wayfarer. For hope resides in the will. But certainty pertains not to the will but to the intellect. Therefore there is no certainty in hope. Praeterea, spes ex gratia et meritis provenit, ut supra dictum est. Sed in hac vita scire per certitudinem non possumus quod gratiam habeamus, ut supra dictum est. Ergo spes viatorum non habet certitudinem. Obj. 2: Further, hope is based on grace and merits, as stated above (Q. 17, A. 1). Now it is impossible in this life to know for certain that we are in a state of grace, as stated above (I-II, Q. 112, A. 5). Therefore there is no certainty in the hope of a wayfarer. Praeterea, certitudo esse non potest de eo quod potest deficere. Sed multi viatores habentes spem deficiunt a consecutione beatitudinis. Ergo spes viatorum non habet certitudinem. Obj. 3: Further, there can be no certainty about that which may fail. Now many a hopeful wayfarer fails to obtain happiness. Therefore wayfarer’s hope has no certainty. Sed contra est quod spes est certa expectatio futurae beatitudinis, sicut Magister dicit, XXVI dist. III Sent. Quod potest accipi ex hoc quod dicitur II ad Tim. I, scio cui credidi, et certus sum quia potens est depositum meum servare. On the contrary, Hope is the certain expectation of future happiness, as the Master states (Sent. iii, D, 26): and this may be gathered from 2 Tim. 1:12, I know Whom I have believed, and I am certain that He is able to keep that which I have committed to Him. Respondeo dicendum quod certitudo invenitur in aliquo dupliciter, scilicet essentialiter, et participative. Essentialiter quidem invenitur in vi cognoscitiva, participative autem in omni eo quod a vi cognoscitiva movetur infallibiliter ad finem suum; secundum quem modum dicitur quod natura certitudinaliter operatur, tanquam mota ab intellectu divino certitudinaliter movente unumquodque ad suum finem. Et per hunc etiam modum virtutes morales certius arte dicuntur operari, inquantum per modum naturae moventur a ratione ad suos actus. Et sic etiam spes certitudinaliter tendit in suum finem, quasi participans certitudinem a fide, quae est in vi cognoscitiva. I answer that, Certainty is found in a thing in two ways, essentially and by participation. It is found essentially in the cognitive power; by participation in whatever is moved infallibly to its end by the cognitive power. In this way we say that nature works with certainty, since it is moved by the Divine intellect which moves everything with certainty to its end. In this way too, the moral virtues are said to work with greater certainty than art, inasmuch as, like a second nature, they are moved to their acts by the reason: and thus too, hope tends to its end with certainty, as though sharing in the certainty of faith which is in the cognitive faculty. Unde patet responsio ad primum. This suffices for the Reply to the First Objection. Ad secundum dicendum quod spes non innititur principaliter gratiae iam habitae, sed divinae omnipotentiae et misericordiae, per quam etiam qui gratiam non habet eam consequi potest, ut sic ad vitam aeternam perveniat. De omnipotentia autem Dei et eius misericordia certus est quicumque fidem habet. Reply Obj. 2: Hope does not trust chiefly in grace already received, but on God’s omnipotence and mercy, whereby even he that has not grace, can obtain it, so as to come to eternal life. Now whoever has faith is certain of God’s omnipotence and mercy. Ad tertium dicendum quod hoc quod aliqui habentes spem deficiant a consecutione beatitudinis, contingit ex defectu liberi arbitrii ponentis obstaculum peccati, non autem ex defectu divinae omnipotentiae vel misericordiae, cui spes innititur. Unde hoc non praeiudicat certitudini spei. Reply Obj. 3: That some who have hope fail to obtain happiness, is due to a fault of the free will in placing the obstacle of sin, but not to any deficiency in God’s power or mercy, in which hope places its trust. Hence this does not prejudice the certainty of hope. Quaestio 19 Question 19 De dono timoris The Gift of Fear Deinde considerandum est de dono timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duodecim. We must now consider the gift of fear, about which there are twelve points of inquiry: Primo, utrum Deus debeat timeri. (1) Whether God is to be feared? Secundo, de divisione timoris in timorem filialem, initialem, servilem et mundanum. (2) Of the division of fear into filial, initial, servile and worldly; Tertio, utrum timor mundanus semper sit malus. (3) Whether worldly fear is always evil? Quarto, utrum timor servilis sit bonus. (4) Whether servile fear is good? Quinto, utrum sit idem in substantia cum filiali. (5) Whether it is substantially the same as filial fear? Sexto, utrum adveniente caritate excludatur timor servilis. (6) Whether servile fear departs when charity comes? Septimo, utrum timor sit initium sapientiae. (7) Whether fear is the beginning of wisdom? Octavo, utrum timor initialis sit idem in substantia cum timore filiali. (8) Whether initial fear is substantially the same as filial fear? Nono, utrum timor sit donum spiritus sancti. (9) Whether fear is a gift of the Holy Spirit?