Respondeo dicendum quod necessarium est homini accipere per modum fidei non solum ea quae sunt supra rationem, sed etiam ea quae per rationem cognosci possunt. Et hoc propter tria. Primo quidem, ut citius homo ad veritatis divinae cognitionem perveniat. Scientia enim ad quam pertinet probare Deum esse et alia huiusmodi de Deo, ultimo hominibus addiscenda proponitur, praesuppositis multis aliis scientiis. Et sic non nisi post multum tempus vitae suae homo ad Dei cognitionem perveniret. Secundo, ut cognitio Dei sit communior. Multi enim in studio scientiae proficere non possunt, vel propter hebetudinem ingenii; vel propter alias occupationes et necessitates temporalis vitae; vel etiam propter torporem addiscendi. Qui omnino a Dei cognitione fraudarentur nisi proponerentur eis divina per modum fidei. Tertio modo, propter certitudinem. Ratio enim humana in rebus divinis est multum deficiens, cuius signum est quia philosophi, de rebus humanis naturali investigatione perscrutantes, in multis erraverunt et sibi ipsis contraria senserunt. Ut ergo esset indubitata et certa cognitio apud homines de Deo, oportuit quod divina eis per modum fidei traderentur, quasi a Deo dicta, qui mentiri non potest. I answer that, It is necessary for man to accept by faith not only things which are above reason, but also those which can be known by reason: and this for three motives. First, in order that man may arrive more quickly at the knowledge of Divine truth. Because the science to whose province it belongs to prove the existence of God, is the last of all to offer itself to human research, since it presupposes many other sciences: so that it would not be until late in life that man would arrive at the knowledge of God. The second reason is, in order that the knowledge of God may be more general. For many are unable to make progress in the study of science, either through dullness of mind, or through having a number of occupations, and temporal needs, or even through laziness in learning, all of whom would be altogether deprived of the knowledge of God, unless Divine things were brought to their knowledge under the guise of faith. The third reason is for the sake of certitude. For human reason is very deficient in things concerning God. A sign of this is that philosophers in their researches, by natural investigation, into human affairs, have fallen into many errors, and have disagreed among themselves. And consequently, in order that men might have knowledge of God, free of doubt and uncertainty, it was necessary for Divine matters to be delivered to them by way of faith, being told to them, as it were, by God Himself Who cannot lie. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod investigatio naturalis rationis non sufficit humano generi ad cognitionem divinorum etiam quae ratione ostendi possunt. Et ideo non est superfluum ut talia credantur. Reply Obj. 1: The researches of natural reason do not suffice mankind for the knowledge of Divine matters, even of those that can be proved by reason: and so it is not superfluous if these others be believed. Ad secundum dicendum quod de eodem non potest esse scientia et fides apud eundem. Sed id quod est ab uno scitum potest esse ab alio creditum, ut supra dictum est. Reply Obj. 2: Science and faith cannot be in the same subject and about the same object: but what is an object of science for one, can be an object of faith for another, as stated above (Q. 1, A. 5). Ad tertium dicendum quod, si omnia scibilia conveniant in ratione scientiae, non tamen conveniunt in hoc quod aequaliter ordinent ad beatitudinem. Et ideo non aequaliter omnia proponuntur ut credenda. Reply Obj. 3: Although all things that can be known by science are of one common scientific aspect, they do not all alike lead man to beatitude: hence they are not all equally proposed to our belief. Articulus 5 Article 5 Utrum teneatur homo ad credendum aliquid explicite Whether man is bound to believe anything explicitly? Ad quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non teneatur homo ad credendum aliquid explicite. Nullus enim tenetur ad id quod non est in eius potestate. Sed credere aliquid explicite non est in hominis potestate, dicitur enim Rom. X, quomodo credent ei quem non audierunt? Quomodo audient sine praedicante? Quomodo autem praedicabunt nisi mittantur? Ergo credere aliquid explicite homo non tenetur. Objection 1: It would seem that man is not bound to believe anything explicitly. For no man is bound to do what is not in his power. Now it is not in man’s power to believe a thing explicitly, for it is written (Rom 10:14, 15): How shall they believe Him, of whom they have not heard? And how shall they hear without a preacher? And how shall they preach unless they be sent? Therefore man is not bound to believe anything explicitly. Praeterea, sicut per fidem ordinamur in Deum, ita et per caritatem. Sed ad servandum praecepta caritatis homo non tenetur, sed sufficit sola praeparatio animi, sicut patet in illo praecepto domini quod ponitur Matth. V, si quis percusserit te in una maxilla, praebe ei et aliam, et in aliis consimilibus, ut Augustinus exponit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte. Ergo etiam non tenetur homo explicite aliquid credere, sed sufficit quod habeat animum paratum ad credendum ea quae a Deo proponuntur. Obj. 2: Further, just as we are directed to God by faith, so are we by charity. Now man is not bound to keep the precepts of charity, and it is enough if he be ready to fulfill them: as is evidenced by the precept of Our Lord (Matt 5:39): If one strike thee on one cheek, turn to him also the other; and by others of the same kind, according to Augustine’s exposition (De Serm. Dom. in Monte xix). Therefore neither is man bound to believe anything explicitly, and it is enough if he be ready to believe whatever God proposes to be believed. Praeterea, bonum fidei in quadam obedientia consistit, secundum illud Rom. I, ad obediendum fidei in omnibus gentibus. Sed ad virtutem obedientiae non requiritur quod homo aliqua determinata praecepta observet, sed sufficit quod habeat promptum animum ad obediendum, secundum illud Psalm., paratus sum, et non sum turbatus, ut custodiam mandata tua. Ergo videtur quod etiam ad fidem sufficiat quod homo habeat promptum animum ad credendum ea quae ei divinitus proponi possent, absque hoc quod explicite aliquid credat. Obj. 3: Further, the good of faith consists in obedience, according to Rom. 1:5: For obedience to the faith in all nations. Now the virtue of obedience does not require man to keep certain fixed precepts, but it is enough that his mind be ready to obey, according to Ps. 118:60: I am ready and am not troubled; that I may keep Thy commandments. Therefore it seems enough for faith, too, that man should be ready to believe whatever God may propose, without his believing anything explicitly. Sed contra est quod dicitur ad Heb. XI, accedentem ad Deum oportet credere quia est, et quod inquirentibus se remunerator est. On the contrary, It is written (Heb 11:6): He that cometh to God, must believe that He is, and is a rewarder to them that seek Him. Respondeo dicendum quod praecepta legis quae homo tenetur implere dantur de actibus virtutum qui sunt via perveniendi ad salutem. Actus autem virtutis, sicut supra dictum est, sumitur secundum habitudinem habitus ad obiectum. Sed in obiecto cuiuslibet virtutis duo possunt considerari, scilicet id quod est proprie et per se virtutis obiectum, quod necessarium est in omni actu virtutis; et iterum id quod per accidens sive consequenter se habet ad propriam rationem obiecti. Sicut ad obiectum fortitudinis proprie et per se pertinet sustinere pericula mortis et aggredi hostes cum periculo propter bonum commune, sed quod homo armetur vel ense percutiat in bello iusto, aut aliquid huiusmodi faciat, reducitur quidem ad obiectum fortitudinis, sed per accidens. I answer that, The precepts of the Law, which man is bound to fulfill, concern acts of virtue which are the means of attaining salvation. Now an act of virtue, as stated above (I-II, Q. 60, A. 5) depends on the relation of the habit to its object. Again two things may be considered in the object of any virtue; namely, that which is the proper and direct object of that virtue, and that which is accidental and consequent to the object properly so called. Thus it belongs properly and directly to the object of fortitude, to face the dangers of death, and to charge at the foe with danger to oneself, for the sake of the common good: yet that, in a just war, a man be armed, or strike another with his sword, and so forth, is reduced to the object of fortitude, but indirectly. Determinatio igitur virtuosi actus ad proprium et per se obiectum virtutis est sub necessitate praecepti, sicut et ipse virtutis actus. Sed determinatio actus virtuosi ad ea quae accidentaliter vel secundario se habent ad proprium et per se virtutis obiectum non cadit sub necessitate praecepti nisi pro loco et tempore. Dicendum est ergo quod fidei obiectum per se est id per quod homo beatus efficitur, ut supra dictum est. Per accidens autem vel secundario se habent ad obiectum fidei omnia quae in Scriptura divinitus tradita continentur, sicut quod Abraham habuit duos filios, quod David fuit filius Isai, et alia huiusmodi. Accordingly, just as a virtuous act is required for the fulfilment of a precept, so is it necessary that the virtuous act should terminate in its proper and direct object: but, on the other hand, the fulfilment of the precept does not require that a virtuous act should terminate in those things which have an accidental or secondary relation to the proper and direct object of that virtue, except in certain places and at certain times. We must, therefore, say that the direct object of faith is that whereby man is made one of the Blessed, as stated above (Q. 1, A. 8): while the indirect and secondary object comprises all things delivered by God to us in Holy Writ, for instance that Abraham had two sons, that David was the son of Jesse, and so forth. Quantum ergo ad prima credibilia, quae sunt articuli fidei, tenetur homo explicite credere, sicut et tenetur habere fidem. Quantum autem ad alia credibilia, non tenetur homo explicite credere, sed solum implicite vel in praeparatione animi, inquantum paratus est credere quidquid in divina Scriptura continetur. Sed tunc solum huiusmodi tenetur explicite credere quando hoc ei constiterit in doctrina fidei contineri. Therefore, as regards the primary points or articles of faith, man is bound to believe them, just as he is bound to have faith; but as to other points of faith, man is not bound to believe them explicitly, but only implicitly, or to be ready to believe them, insofar as he is prepared to believe whatever is contained in the Divine Scriptures. Then alone is he bound to believe such things explicitly, when it is clear to him that they are contained in the doctrine of faith. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, si in potestate hominis esse dicatur aliquid excluso auxilio gratiae, sic ad multa tenetur homo ad quae non potest sine gratia reparante, sicut ad diligendum Deum et proximum; et similiter ad credendum articulos fidei. Sed tamen hoc potest homo cum auxilio gratiae. Quod quidem auxilium quibuscumque divinitus datur, misericorditer datur; quibus autem non datur, ex iustitia non datur, in poenam praecedentis peccati, saltem originalis peccati; ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Cor. et gratia. Reply Obj. 1: If we understand those things alone to be in a man’s power, which we can do without the help of grace, then we are bound to do many things which we cannot do without the aid of healing grace, such as to love God and our neighbor, and likewise to believe the articles of faith. But with the help of grace we can do this, for this help to whomsoever it is given from above it is mercifully given; and from whom it is withheld it is justly withheld, as a punishment of a previous, or at least of original, sin, as Augustine states (De Corr. et Grat. v, vi ). Ad secundum dicendum quod homo tenetur ad determinate diligendum illa diligibilia quae sunt proprie et per se caritatis obiecta, scilicet Deus et proximus. Sed obiectio procedit de illis praeceptis caritatis quae quasi consequenter pertinent ad obiectum caritatis. Reply Obj. 2: Man is bound to love definitely those lovable things which are properly and directly the objects of charity, namely, God and our neighbor. The objection refers to those precepts of charity which belong, as a consequence, to the objects of charity. Ad tertium dicendum quod virtus obedientiae proprie in voluntate consistit. Et ideo ad actum obedientiae sufficit promptitudo voluntatis subiecta praecipienti, quae est proprium et per se obiectum obedientiae. Sed hoc praeceptum vel illud per accidens vel consequenter se habet ad proprium et per se obiectum obedientiae. Reply Obj. 3: The virtue of obedience is seated, properly speaking, in the will; hence promptness of the will subject to authority, suffices for the act of obedience, because it is the proper and direct object of obedience. But this or that precept is accidental or consequent to that proper and direct object. Articulus 6 Article 6 Utrum aequaliter omnes teneantur ad habendum fidem explicitam Whether all are equally bound to have explicit faith? Ad sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod aequaliter omnes teneantur ad habendum fidem explicitam. Ad ea enim quae sunt de necessitate salutis omnes tenentur, sicut patet de praeceptis caritatis. Sed explicatio credendorum est de necessitate salutis, ut dictum est. Ergo omnes aequaliter tenentur ad explicite credendum. Objection 1: It would seem that all are equally bound to have explicit faith. For all are bound to those things which are necessary for salvation, as is evidenced by the precepts of charity. Now it is necessary for salvation that certain things should be believed explicitly. Therefore all are equally bound to have explicit faith. Praeterea, nullus debet examinari de eo quod explicite credere non tenetur. Sed quandoque etiam simplices examinantur de minimis articulis fidei. Ergo omnes tenentur explicite omnia credere. Obj. 2: Further, no one should be put to test in matters that he is not bound to believe. But simple persons are sometimes tested in reference to the slightest articles of faith. Therefore all are bound to believe everything explicitly. Praeterea, si minores non tenentur habere fidem explicitam, sed solum implicitam, oportet quod habeant fidem implicitam in fide maiorum. Sed hoc videtur esse periculosum, quia posset contingere quod illi maiores errarent. Ergo videtur quod minores etiam debeant habere fidem explicitam. Sic ergo omnes aequaliter tenentur ad explicite credendum. Obj. 3: Further, if the simple are bound to have, not explicit but only implicit faith, their faith must needs be implied in the faith of the learned. But this seems unsafe, since it is possible for the learned to err. Therefore it seems that the simple should also have explicit faith; so that all are, therefore, equally bound to have explicit faith. Sed contra est quod dicitur Iob I, quod boves arabant et asinae pascebantur iuxta eos, quia videlicet minores, qui significantur per asinos, debent in credendis adhaerere maioribus, qui per boves significantur; ut Gregorius exponit, in II Moral. On the contrary, It is written (Job 1:14): The oxen were ploughing, and the asses feeding beside them, because, as Gregory expounds this passage (Moral. ii, 17), the simple, who are signified by the asses, ought, in matters of faith, to stay by the learned, who are denoted by the oxen. Respondeo dicendum quod explicatio credendorum fit per revelationem divinam, credibilia enim naturalem rationem excedunt. Revelatio autem divina ordine quodam ad inferiores pervenit per superiores, sicut ad homines per Angelos, et ad inferiores Angelos per superiores, ut patet per Dionysium, in Cael. Hier. Et ideo, pari ratione, explicatio fidei oportet quod perveniat ad inferiores homines per maiores. Et ideo sicut superiores Angeli, qui inferiores illuminant, habent pleniorem notitiam de rebus divinis quam inferiores, ut dicit Dionysius, XII cap. Cael. Hier.; ita etiam superiores homines, ad quos pertinet alios erudire, tenentur habere pleniorem notitiam de credendis et magis explicite credere. I answer that, The unfolding of matters of faith is the result of Divine revelation: for matters of faith surpass natural reason. Now Divine revelation reaches those of lower degree through those who are over them, in a certain order; to men, for instance, through the angels, and to the lower angels through the higher, as Dionysius explains (Cael. Hier. iv, vii). In like manner therefore the unfolding of faith must needs reach men of lower degree through those of higher degree. Consequently, just as the higher angels, who enlighten those who are below them, have a fuller knowledge of Divine things than the lower angels, as Dionysius states (Coel. Hier. xii), so too, men of higher degree, whose business it is to teach others, are under obligation to have fuller knowledge of matters of faith, and to believe them more explicitly. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod explicatio credendorum non aequaliter quantum ad omnes est de necessitate salutis, quia plura tenentur explicite credere maiores, qui habent officium alios instruendi, quam alii. Reply Obj. 1: The unfolding of the articles of faith is not equally necessary for the salvation of all, since those of higher degree, whose duty it is to teach others, are bound to believe explicitly more things than others are. Ad secundum dicendum quod simplices non sunt examinandi de subtilitatibus fidei nisi quando habetur suspicio quod sint ab haereticis depravati, qui in his quae ad subtilitatem fidei pertinent solent fidem simplicium depravare. Si tamen inveniuntur non pertinaciter perversae doctrinae adhaerere, si in talibus ex simplicitate deficiant, non eis imputatur. Reply Obj. 2: Simple persons should not be put to the test about subtle questions of faith, unless they be suspected of having been corrupted by heretics, who are wont to corrupt the faith of simple people in such questions. If, however, it is found that they are free from obstinacy in their heterodox sentiments, and that it is due to their simplicity, it is no fault of theirs. Ad tertium dicendum quod minores non habent fidem implicitam in fide maiorum nisi quatenus maiores adhaerent doctrinae divinae, unde et apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. IV, imitatores mei estote, sicut et ego Christi. Unde humana cognitio non fit regula fidei, sed veritas divina. A qua si aliqui maiorum deficiant, non praeiudicat fidei simplicium, qui eos rectam fidem habere credunt, nisi pertinaciter eorum erroribus in particulari adhaereant contra universalis Ecclesiae fidem, quae non potest deficere, domino dicente, Luc. XXII, ego pro te rogavi, Petre, ut non deficiat fides tua. Reply Obj. 3: The simple have no faith implied in that of the learned, except insofar as the latter adhere to the Divine teaching. Hence the Apostle says (1 Cor 4:16): Be ye followers of me, as I also am of Christ. Hence it is not human knowledge, but the Divine truth that is the rule of faith: and if any of the learned stray from this rule, he does not harm the faith of the simple ones, who think that the learned believe aright; unless the simple hold obstinately to their individual errors, against the faith of the universal Church, which cannot err, since Our Lord said (Luke 22:32): I have prayed for thee, Peter, that thy faith fail not. Articulus 7 Article 7 Utrum credere explicite mysterium Christi sit de necessitate salutis apud omnes Whether it is necessary for the salvation of all to believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ? Ad septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod credere explicite mysterium Christi non sit de necessitate salutis apud omnes. Non enim tenetur homo explicite credere ea quae Angeli ignorant, quia explicatio fidei fit per revelationem divinam, quae pervenit ad homines mediantibus Angelis, ut dictum est. Sed etiam Angeli mysterium incarnationis ignoraverunt, unde quaerebant in Psalm., quis est iste rex gloriae? Et Isaiae LXIII, quis est iste qui venit de Edom? Ut Dionysius exponit, cap. VII Cael. Hier. Ergo ad credendum explicite mysterium incarnationis homines non tenebantur. Objection 1: It would seem that it is not necessary for the salvation of all that they should believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ. For man is not bound to believe explicitly what the angels are ignorant about: since the unfolding of faith is the result of Divine revelation, which reaches man by means of the angels, as stated above (A. 6; I, Q. 111, A. 1). Now even the angels were in ignorance of the mystery of the Incarnation: hence, according to the commentary of Dionysius (Cael. Hier. vii), it is they who ask (Ps 23:8): Who is this king of glory? and (Isa 63:1): Who is this that cometh from Edom? Therefore men were not bound to believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ’s Incarnation. Praeterea, constat beatum Ioannem Baptistam de maioribus fuisse, et propinquissimum Christo, de quo dominus dicit, Matth. XI, quod inter natos mulierum nullus maior eo surrexit. Sed Ioannes Baptista non videtur Christi mysterium explicite cognovisse, cum a Christo quaesierit, tu es qui venturus es, an alium expectamus? Ut habetur Matth. XI. Ergo non tenebantur etiam maiores ad habendum explicitam fidem de Christo. Obj. 2: Further, it is evident that John the Baptist was one of the teachers, and most nigh to Christ, Who said of him (Matt 11:11) that there hath not risen among them that are born of women, a greater than he. Now John the Baptist does not appear to have known the mystery of Christ explicitly, since he asked Christ (Matt 11:3): Art Thou He that art to come, or look we for another? Therefore even the teachers were not bound to explicit faith in Christ. Praeterea, multi gentilium salutem adepti sunt per ministerium Angelorum, ut Dionysius dicit, IX cap. Cael. Hier. Sed gentiles non habuerunt fidem de Christo nec explicitam nec implicitam, ut videtur, quia nulla eis revelatio facta est. Ergo videtur quod credere explicite Christi mysterium non fuerit omnibus necessarium ad salutem. Obj. 3: Further, many gentiles obtained salvation through the ministry of the angels, as Dionysius states (Cael. Hier. ix). Now it would seem that the gentiles had neither explicit nor implicit faith in Christ, since they received no revelation. Therefore it seems that it was not necessary for the salvation of all to believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Cor. et gratia, illa fides sana est qua credimus nullum hominem, sive maioris sive parvae aetatis, liberari a contagio mortis et obligatione peccati nisi per unum mediatorem Dei et hominum Iesum Christum. On the contrary, Augustine says (De Corr. et Gratia vii; Ep. cxc): Our faith is sound if we believe that no man, old or young is delivered from the contagion of death and the bonds of sin, except by the one Mediator of God and men, Jesus Christ. Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, illud proprie et per se pertinet ad obiectum fidei per quod homo beatitudinem consequitur. Via autem hominibus veniendi ad beatitudinem est mysterium incarnationis et passionis Christi, dicitur enim Act. IV, non est aliud nomen datum hominibus in quo oporteat nos salvos fieri. Et ideo mysterium incarnationis Christi aliqualiter oportuit omni tempore esse creditum apud omnes, diversimode tamen secundum diversitatem temporum et personarum. Nam ante statum peccati homo habuit explicitam fidem de Christi incarnatione secundum quod ordinabatur ad consummationem gloriae, non autem secundum quod ordinabatur ad liberationem a peccato per passionem et resurrectionem, quia homo non fuit praescius peccati futuri. Videtur autem incarnationis Christi praescius fuisse per hoc quod dixit, propter hoc relinquet homo patrem et matrem et adhaerebit uxori suae, ut habetur Gen. II; et hoc apostolus, ad Ephes. V, dicit sacramentum magnum esse in Christo et Ecclesia; quod quidem sacramentum non est credibile primum hominem ignorasse. I answer that, As stated above (A. 5; Q. 1, A. 8), the object of faith includes, properly and directly, that thing through which man obtains beatitude. Now the mystery of Christ’s Incarnation and Passion is the way by which men obtain beatitude; for it is written (Acts 4:12): There is no other name under heaven given to men, whereby we must be saved. Therefore belief of some kind in the mystery of Christ’s Incarnation was necessary at all times and for all persons, but this belief differed according to differences of times and persons. The reason of this is that before the state of sin, man believed, explicitly in Christ’s Incarnation, insofar as it was intended for the consummation of glory, but not as it was intended to deliver man from sin by the Passion and Resurrection, since man had no foreknowledge of his future sin. He does, however, seem to have had foreknowledge of the Incarnation of Christ, from the fact that he said (Gen 2:24): Wherefore a man shall leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife, of which the Apostle says (Eph 5:32) that this is a great sacrament . . . in Christ and the Church, and it is incredible that the first man was ignorant about this sacrament. Post peccatum autem fuit explicite creditum mysterium Christi non solum quantum ad incarnationem, sed etiam quantum ad passionem et resurrectionem, quibus humanum genus a peccato et morte liberatur. Aliter enim non praefigurassent Christi passionem quibusdam sacrificiis et ante legem et sub lege. Quorum quidem sacrificiorum significatum explicite maiores cognoscebant, minores autem sub velamine illorum sacrificiorum, credentes ea divinitus esse disposita de Christo venturo, quodammodo habebant velatam cognitionem. Et sicut supra dictum est, ea quae ad mysteria Christi pertinent tanto distinctius cognoverunt quanto Christo propinquiores fuerunt. But after sin, man believed explicitly in Christ, not only as to the Incarnation, but also as to the Passion and Resurrection, whereby the human race is delivered from sin and death: for they would not, else, have foreshadowed Christ’s Passion by certain sacrifices both before and after the Law, the meaning of which sacrifices was known by the learned explicitly, while the simple folk, under the veil of those sacrifices, believed them to be ordained by God in reference to Christ’s coming, and thus their knowledge was covered with a veil, so to speak. And, as stated above (Q. 1, A. 7), the nearer they were to Christ, the more distinct was their knowledge of Christ’s mysteries. Post tempus autem gratiae revelatae tam maiores quam minores tenentur habere fidem explicitam de mysteriis Christi; praecipue quantum ad ea quae communiter in Ecclesia sollemnizantur et publice proponuntur, sicut sunt articuli incarnationis, de quibus supra dictum est. Alias autem subtiles considerationes circa incarnationis articulos tenentur aliqui magis vel minus explicite credere secundum quod convenit statui et officio uniuscuiusque. After grace had been revealed, both learned and simple folk are bound to explicit faith in the mysteries of Christ, chiefly as regards those which are observed throughout the Church, and publicly proclaimed, such as the articles which refer to the Incarnation, of which we have spoken above (Q. 1, A. 8). As to other minute points in reference to the articles of the Incarnation, men have been bound to believe them more or less explicitly according to each one’s state and office. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod Angelos non omnino latuit mysterium regni Dei, sicut Augustinus dicit, V super Gen. ad Litt. Quasdam tamen rationes huius mysterii perfectius cognoverunt Christo revelante. Reply Obj. 1: The mystery of the Kingdom of God was not entirely hidden from the angels, as Augustine observes (Gen ad lit. v, 19), yet certain aspects thereof were better known to them when Christ revealed them to them.