Articulus 2 Article 2 Utrum inconvenienter eleemosynarum genera distinguantur Whether the different kinds of almsdeeds are suitably enumerated? Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter eleemosynarum genera distinguantur. Ponuntur enim septem eleemosynae corporales, scilicet pascere esurientem, potare sitientem, vestire nudum, recolligere hospitem, visitare infirmum, redimere captivum, et sepelire mortuum; quae in hoc versu continentur, visito, poto, cibo, redimo, tego, colligo, condo. Objection 1: It would seem that the different kinds of almsdeeds are unsuitably enumerated. For we reckon seven corporal almsdeeds, namely, to feed the hungry, to give drink to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, to harbor the harborless, to visit the sick, to ransom the captive, to bury the dead; all of which are expressed in the following verse: To visit, to quench, to feed, to ransom, clothe, harbor or bury. Ponuntur etiam aliae septem eleemosynae spirituales, scilicet docere ignorantem, consulere dubitanti, consolari tristem, corrigere peccantem, remittere offendenti, portare onerosos et graves, et pro omnibus orare; quae etiam in hoc versu continentur, consule, castiga, solare, remitte, fer, ora; ita tamen quod sub eodem intelligatur consilium et doctrina. Again we reckon seven spiritual alms, namely, to instruct the ignorant, to counsel the doubtful, to comfort the sorrowful, to reprove the sinner, to forgive injuries, to bear with those who trouble and annoy us, and to pray for all, which are all contained in the following verse: To counsel, reprove, console, to pardon, forbear, and to pray, yet so that counsel includes both advice and instruction. Videtur autem quod inconvenienter huiusmodi eleemosynae distinguantur. Eleemosyna enim ordinatur ad subveniendum proximo. Sed per hoc quod proximus sepelitur, in nullo ei subvenitur, alioquin non esset verum quod dominus dicit, Matth. X, nolite timere eos qui occidunt corpus, et post hoc non habent amplius quid faciant. Unde et dominus, Matth. XXV, commemorans misericordiae opera, de sepultura mortuorum mentionem non facit. Ergo videtur quod inconvenienter huiusmodi eleemosynae distinguantur. And it seems that these various almsdeeds are unsuitably enumerated. For the purpose of almsdeeds is to succor our neighbor. But a dead man profits nothing by being buried, else Our Lord would not have spoken truly when He said (Matt 10:28): Be not afraid of them who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. This explains why Our Lord, in enumerating the works of mercy, made no mention of the burial of the dead (Matt 25:35, 36). Therefore it seems that these almsdeeds are unsuitably enumerated. Praeterea, eleemosyna datur ad subveniendum necessitatibus proximi, sicut dictum est. Sed multae aliae sunt necessitates humanae vitae quam praedictae, sicut quod caecus indiget ductore, claudus sustentatione, pauper divitiis. Ergo inconvenienter praedictae eleemosynae enumerantur. Obj. 2: Further, as stated above (A. 1), the purpose of giving alms is to relieve our neighbor’s need. Now there are many needs of human life other than those mentioned above, for instance, a blind man needs a leader, a lame man needs someone to lean on, a poor man needs riches. Therefore these almsdeeds are unsuitably enumerated. Praeterea, dare eleemosynam est actus misericordiae. Sed corrigere delinquentem magis videtur ad severitatem pertinere quam ad misericordiam. Ergo non debet computari inter eleemosynas spirituales. Obj. 3: Further, almsgiving is a work of mercy. But the reproof of the wrong-doer savors, apparently, of severity rather than of mercy. Therefore it ought not to be reckoned among the spiritual almsdeeds. Praeterea, eleemosyna ordinatur ad subveniendum defectui. Sed nullus est homo qui defectum ignorantiae non patiatur in aliquibus. Ergo videtur quod quilibet debeat quemlibet docere, si ignoret id quod ipse scit. Obj. 4: Further, almsgiving is intended for the supply of a defect. But no man is without the defect of ignorance in some matter or other. Therefore, apparently, each one ought to instruct anyone who is ignorant of what he knows himself. Sed contra est quod Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia, habens intellectum curet omnino ne taceat; habens rerum affluentiam vigilet ne a misericordiae largitate torpescat; habens artem qua regitur magnopere studeat ut usum atque utilitatem illius cum proximo partiatur; habens loquendi locum apud divitem damnationem pro retento talento timeat si, cum valet, non apud eum pro pauperibus intercedat. Ergo praedictae eleemosynae convenienter distinguuntur secundum ea in quibus homines abundant et deficiunt. On the contrary, Gregory says (Nom. in Evang. ix): Let him that hath understanding beware lest he withhold his knowledge; let him that hath abundance of wealth, watch lest he slacken his merciful bounty; let him who is a servant to art be most solicitous to share his skill and profit with his neighbor; let him who has an opportunity of speaking with the wealthy, fear lest he be condemned for retaining his talent, if when he has the chance he plead not with him the cause of the poor. Therefore the aforesaid almsdeeds are suitably enumerated in respect of those things whereof men have abundance or insufficiency. Respondeo dicendum quod praedicta eleemosynarum distinctio convenienter sumitur secundum diversos defectus proximorum. Quorum quidam sunt ex parte animae, ad quos ordinantur spirituales eleemosynae; quidam vero ex parte corporis, ad quos ordinantur eleemosynae corporales. Defectus enim corporalis aut est in vita, aut est post vitam. Si quidem est in vita, aut est communis defectus respectu eorum quibus omnes indigent; aut est specialis propter aliquod accidens superveniens. Si primo modo, aut defectus est interior, aut exterior. Interior quidem est duplex, unus quidem cui subvenitur per alimentum siccum, scilicet fames, et secundum hoc ponitur pascere esurientem; alius autem est cui subvenitur per alimentum humidum, scilicet sitis, et secundum hoc dicitur potare sitientem. Defectus autem communis respectu exterioris auxilii est duplex, unus respectu tegumenti, et quantum ad hoc ponitur vestire nudum; alius est respectu habitaculi, et quantum ad hoc est suscipere hospitem. Similiter autem si sit defectus aliquis specialis, aut est ex causa intrinseca, sicut infirmitas, et quantum ad hoc ponitur visitare infirmum, aut ex causa extrinseca, et quantum ad hoc ponitur redemptio captivorum. Post vitam autem exhibetur mortuis sepultura. I answer that, The aforesaid distinction of almsdeeds is suitably taken from the various needs of our neighbor: some of which affect the soul, and are relieved by spiritual almsdeeds, while others affect the body, and are relieved by corporal almsdeeds. For corporal need occurs either during this life or afterwards. If it occurs during this life, it is either a common need in respect of things needed by all, or it is a special need occurring through some accident supervening. In the first case, the need is either internal or external. Internal need is twofold: one which is relieved by solid food, viz. hunger, in respect of which we have to feed the hungry; while the other is relieved by liquid food, viz. thirst, and in respect of this we have to give drink to the thirsty. The common need with regard to external help is twofold; one in respect of clothing, and as to this we have to clothe the naked: while the other is in respect of a dwelling place, and as to this we have to harbor the harborless. Again if the need be special, it is either the result of an internal cause, like sickness, and then we have to visit the sick, or it results from an external cause, and then we have to ransom the captive. After this life we give burial to the dead. Similiter autem spiritualibus defectibus spiritualibus actibus subvenitur dupliciter. Uno modo, poscendo auxilium a Deo, et quantum ad hoc ponitur oratio, qua quis pro aliis orat. Alio modo, impendendo humanum auxilium, et hoc tripliciter. Uno modo, contra defectum intellectus, et si quidem sit defectus speculativi intellectus, adhibetur ei remedium per doctrinam; si autem practici intellectus, adhibetur ei remedium per consilium. Alio modo est defectus ex passione appetitivae virtutis, inter quos est maximus tristitia, cui subvenitur per consolationem. Tertio modo, ex parte inordinati actus, qui quidem tripliciter considerari potest. Uno modo, ex parte ipsius peccantis, inquantum procedit ab eius inordinata voluntate, et sic adhibetur remedium per correctionem. Alio modo, ex parte eius in quem peccatur, et sic, si quidem sit peccatum in nos, remedium adhibemus remittendo offensam; si autem sit in Deum vel in proximum, non est nostri arbitrii remittere, ut Hieronymus dicit, super Matth. Tertio modo, ex parte sequelae ipsius actus inordinati, ex qua gravantur ei conviventes, etiam praeter peccantis intentionem, et sic remedium adhibetur supportando; maxime in his qui ex infirmitate peccant, secundum illud Rom. XV, debemus nos firmiores infirmitates aliorum portare. Et non solum secundum quod infirmi sunt graves ex inordinatis actibus, sed etiam quaecumque eorum onera sunt supportanda, secundum illud Galat. VI, alter alterius onera portate. In like manner spiritual needs are relieved by spiritual acts in two ways, first by asking for help from God, and in this respect we have prayer, whereby one man prays for others; second, by giving human assistance, and this in three ways. First, in order to relieve a deficiency on the part of the intellect, and if this deficiency be in the speculative intellect, the remedy is applied by instructing, and if in the practical intellect, the remedy is applied by counselling. Second, there may be a deficiency on the part of the appetitive power, especially by way of sorrow, which is remedied by comforting. Third, the deficiency may be due to an inordinate act; and this may be the subject of a threefold consideration. First, in respect of the sinner, inasmuch as the sin proceeds from his inordinate will, and thus the remedy takes the form of reproof. Second, in respect of the person sinned against; and if the sin be committed against ourselves, we apply the remedy by pardoning the injury, while, if it be committed against God or our neighbor, it is not in our power to pardon, as Jerome observes (Super Matth. xviii, 15). Third, in respect of the result of the inordinate act, on account of which the sinner is an annoyance to those who live with him, even beside his intention; in which case the remedy is applied by bearing with him, especially with regard to those who sin out of weakness, according to Rom. 15:1: We that are stronger, ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, and not only as regards their being infirm and consequently troublesome on account of their unruly actions, but also by bearing any other burdens of theirs with them, according to Gal. 6:2: Bear ye one another’s burdens. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod sepultura mortui non confert ei quantum ad sensum quem corpus post mortem habeat. Et secundum hoc dominus dicit quod interficientes corpus non habent amplius quid faciant. Et propter hoc etiam dominus non commemorat sepulturam inter alia misericordiae opera, sed numerat solum illa quae sunt evidentioris necessitatis. Pertinet tamen ad defunctum quid de eius corpore agatur, tum quantum ad hoc quod vivit in memoriis hominum, cuius honor dehonestatur si insepultus remaneat; tum etiam quantum ad affectum quem adhuc vivens habebat de suo corpore, cui piorum affectus conformari debet post mortem ipsius. Et secundum hoc aliqui commendantur de mortuorum sepultura, ut Tobias et illi qui dominum sepelierunt; ut patet per Augustinum, in libro de cura pro mortuis agenda. Reply Obj. 1: Burial does not profit a dead man as though his body could be capable of perception after death. In this sense Our Lord said that those who kill the body have no more that they can do; and for this reason He did not mention the burial of the dead with the other works of mercy, but those only which are more clearly necessary. Nevertheless it does concern the deceased what is done with his body: both that he may live in the memory of man whose respect he forfeits if he remain without burial, and as regards a man’s fondness for his own body while he was yet living, a fondness which kindly persons should imitate after his death. It is thus that some are praised for burying the dead, as Tobias, and those who buried Our Lord; as Augustine says (De Cura pro Mort. iii). Ad secundum dicendum quod omnes aliae necessitates ad has reducuntur. Nam et caecitas et claudicatio sunt infirmitates quaedam, unde dirigere caecum et sustentare claudum reducitur ad visitationem infirmorum. Similiter etiam subvenire homini contra quamcumque oppressionem illatam extrinsecus reducitur ad redemptionem captivorum. Divitiae autem, quibus paupertati subvenitur, non quaeruntur nisi ad subveniendum praedictis defectibus, et ideo non fuit specialis mentio de hoc defectu facienda. Reply Obj. 2: All other needs are reduced to these, for blindness and lameness are kinds of sickness, so that to lead the blind, and to support the lame, come to the same as visiting the sick. In like manner to assist a man against any distress that is due to an extrinsic cause comes to the same as the ransom of captives. And the wealth with which we relieve the poor is sought merely for the purpose of relieving the aforesaid needs: hence there was no reason for special mention of this particular need. Ad tertium dicendum quod correctio peccantium, quantum ad ipsam executionem actus, severitatem iustitiae continere videtur. Sed quantum ad intentionem corrigentis, qui vult hominem a malo culpae liberare, pertinet ad misericordiam et dilectionis affectum, secundum illud Prov. XXVII, meliora sunt verbera diligentis quam fraudulenta oscula odientis. Reply Obj. 3: The reproof of the sinner, as to the exercise of the act of reproving, seems to imply the severity of justice, but, as to the intention of the reprover, who wishes to free a man from the evil of sin, it is an act of mercy and lovingkindness, according to Prov. 27:6: Better are the wounds of a friend, than the deceitful kisses of an enemy. Ad quartum dicendum quod non quaelibet nescientia pertinet ad hominis defectum, sed solum ea qua quis nescit ea quae convenit eum scire, cui defectui per doctrinam subvenire ad eleemosynam pertinet. In quo tamen observandae sunt debitae circumstantiae personae et loci et temporis, sicut et in aliis actibus virtuosis. Reply Obj. 4: Nescience is not always a defect, but only when it is about what one ought to know, and it is a part of almsgiving to supply this defect by instruction. In doing this however we should observe the due circumstances of persons, place and time, even as in other virtuous acts. Articulus 3 Article 3 Utrum eleemosynae corporales sint potiores quam spirituales Whether corporal alms are of more account than spiritual alms? Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod eleemosynae corporales sint potiores quam spirituales. Laudabilius enim est magis indigenti eleemosynam facere, ex hoc enim eleemosyna laudem habet quod indigenti subvenit. Sed corpus, cui subvenitur per eleemosynas corporales, est indigentioris naturae quam spiritus, cui subvenitur per eleemosynas spirituales. Ergo eleemosynae corporales sunt potiores. Objection 1: It would seem that corporal alms are of more account than spiritual alms. For it is more praiseworthy to give an alms to one who is in greater want, since an almsdeed is to be praised because it relieves one who is in need. Now the body which is relieved by corporal alms, is by nature more needy than the spirit which is relieved by spiritual alms. Therefore corporal alms are of more account. Praeterea, recompensatio beneficii laudem et meritum eleemosynae minuit, unde et dominus dicit, Luc. XIV, cum facis prandium aut cenam, noli vocare vicinos divites, ne forte et ipsi te reinvitent. Sed in eleemosynis spiritualibus semper est recompensatio, quia qui orat pro alio sibi proficit, secundum illud Psalm., oratio mea in sinu meo convertetur; qui etiam alium docet, ipse in scientia proficit. Quod non contingit in eleemosynis corporalibus. Ergo eleemosynae corporales sunt potiores quam spirituales. Obj. 2: Further, an alms is less praiseworthy and meritorious if the kindness is compensated, wherefore Our Lord says (Luke 14:12): When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy neighbors who are rich, lest perhaps they also invite thee again. Now there is always compensation in spiritual almsdeeds, since he who prays for another, profits thereby, according to Ps. 34:13: My prayer shall be turned into my bosom: and he who teaches another, makes progress in knowledge, which cannot be said of corporal almsdeeds. Therefore corporal almsdeeds are of more account than spiritual almsdeeds. Praeterea, ad laudem eleemosynae pertinet quod pauper ex eleemosyna data consoletur, unde Iob XXXI dicitur, si non benedixerunt mihi latera eius; et ad Philemonem dicit apostolus, viscera sanctorum requieverunt per te, frater. Sed quandoque magis est grata pauperi eleemosyna corporalis quam spiritualis. Ergo eleemosyna corporalis potior est quam spiritualis. Obj. 3: Further, an alms is to be commended if the needy one is comforted by it: wherefore it is written (Job 31:20): If his sides have not blessed me, and the Apostle says to Philemon (verse 7): The bowels of the saints have been refreshed by thee, brother. Now a corporal alms is sometimes more welcome to a needy man than a spiritual alms. Therefore bodily almsdeeds are of more account than spiritual almsdeeds. Sed contra est quod Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, super illud, qui petit a te, da ei, dicit, dandum est quod nec tibi nec alteri noceat, et cum negaveris quod petit, indicanda est iustitia, ut non eum inanem dimittas. Et aliquando melius aliquid dabis, cum iniuste petentem correxeris. Correctio autem est eleemosyna spiritualis. Ergo spirituales eleemosynae sunt corporalibus praeferendae. On the contrary, Augustine says (De Serm. Dom. in Monte i, 20) on the words, Give to him that asketh of thee (Matt 5:42): You should give so as to injure neither yourself nor another, and when you refuse what another asks you must not lose sight of the claims of justice, and send him away empty; at times indeed you will give what is better than what is asked for, if you reprove him that asks unjustly. Now reproof is a spiritual alms. Therefore spiritual almsdeeds are preferable to corporal almsdeeds. Respondeo dicendum quod comparatio istarum eleemosynarum potest attendi dupliciter. Uno modo, simpliciter loquendo, et secundum hoc eleemosynae spirituales praeeminent, triplici ratione. Primo quidem quia id quod exhibetur nobilius est, scilicet donum spirituale, quod praeeminet corporali, secundum illud Prov. IV, donum bonum tribuam vobis, legem meam ne derelinquatis. Secundo, ratione eius cui subvenitur, quia spiritus nobilior est corpore. Unde sicut homo sibi ipsi magis debet providere quantum ad spiritum quam quantum ad corpus, ita et proximo, quem debet tanquam seipsum diligere. Tertio, quantum ad ipsos actus quibus subvenitur proximo, quia spirituales actus sunt nobiliores corporalibus, qui sunt quodammodo serviles. I answer that, There are two ways of comparing these almsdeeds. First, simply; and in this respect, spiritual almsdeeds hold the first place, for three reasons. First, because the offering is more excellent, since it is a spiritual gift, which surpasses a corporal gift, according to Prov. 4:2: I will give you a good gift, forsake not My Law. Second, on account of the object succored, because the spirit is more excellent than the body, wherefore, even as a man in looking after himself, ought to look to his soul more than to his body, so ought he in looking after his neighbor, whom he ought to love as himself. Third, as regards the acts themselves by which our neighbor is succored, because spiritual acts are more excellent than corporal acts, which are, in a fashion, servile. Alio modo possunt comparari secundum aliquem particularem casum, in quo quaedam corporalis eleemosyna alicui spirituali praefertur. Puta, magis esset pascendum fame morientem quam docendum, sicut et indigenti, secundum philosophum, melius est ditari quam philosophari, quamvis hoc sit simpliciter melius. Second, we may compare them with regard to some particular case, when some corporal alms excels some spiritual alms: for instance, a man in hunger is to be fed rather than instructed, and as the Philosopher observes (Topic. iii, 2), for a needy man money is better than philosophy, although the latter is better simply. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod dare magis indigenti melius est, ceteris paribus. Sed si minus indigens sit melior, et melioribus indigeat, dare ei melius est. Et sic est in proposito. Reply Obj. 1: It is better to give to one who is in greater want, other things being equal, but if he who is less needy is better, and is in want of better things, it is better to give to him: and it is thus in the case in point. Ad secundum dicendum quod recompensatio non minuit meritum et laudem eleemosynae si non sit intenta, sicut etiam humana gloria, si non sit intenta, non minuit rationem virtutis; sicut et de Catone Sallustius dicit quod quo magis gloriam fugiebat, eo magis eum gloria sequebatur. Et ita contingit in eleemosynis spiritualibus. Reply Obj. 2: Compensation does not detract from merit and praise if it be not intended, even as human glory, if not intended, does not detract from virtue. Thus Sallust says of Cato (Catilin.), that the less he sought fame, the more he became famous: and thus it is with spiritual almsdeeds. Et tamen intentio bonorum spiritualium non minuit meritum, sicut intentio bonorum corporalium. Nevertheless the intention of gaining spiritual goods does not detract from merit, as the intention of gaining corporal goods. Ad tertium dicendum quod meritum dantis eleemosynam attenditur secundum id in quo debet rationabiliter requiescere voluntas accipientis, non in eo in quo requiescit si sit inordinata. Reply Obj. 3: The merit of an almsgiver depends on that in which the will of the recipient rests reasonably, and not on that in which it rests when it is inordinate. Articulus 4 Article 4 Utrum eleemosynae corporales habeant effectum spiritualem Whether corporal almsdeeds have a spiritual effect? Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod eleemosynae corporales non habeant effectum spiritualem. Effectus enim non est potior sua causa. Sed bona spiritualia sunt potiora corporalibus. Non ergo eleemosynae corporales habent spirituales effectus. Objection 1: It would seem that corporal almsdeeds have not a spiritual effect. For no effect exceeds its cause. But spiritual goods exceed corporal goods. Therefore corporal almsdeeds have no spiritual effect. Praeterea, dare corporale pro spirituali vitium simoniae est. Sed hoc vitium est omnino vitandum. Non ergo sunt dandae eleemosynae ad consequendum spirituales effectus. Obj. 2: Further, the sin of simony consists in giving the corporal for the spiritual, and it is to be utterly avoided. Therefore one ought not to give alms in order to receive a spiritual effect. Praeterea, multiplicata causa, multiplicatur effectus. Si igitur eleemosyna corporalis causaret spiritualem effectum, sequeretur quod maior eleemosyna magis spiritualiter proficeret. Quod est contra illud quod legitur Luc. XXI de vidua mittente duo aera minuta in gazophylacium, quae, secundum sententiam domini, plus omnibus misit. Non ergo eleemosyna corporalis habet spiritualem effectum. Obj. 3: Further, to multiply the cause is to multiply the effect. If therefore corporal almsdeeds cause a spiritual effect, the greater the alms, the greater the spiritual profit, which is contrary to what we read (Luke 21:3) of the widow who cast two brass mites into the treasury, and in Our Lord’s own words cast in more than . . . all. Therefore bodily almsdeeds have no spiritual effect. Sed contra est quod dicitur Eccli. XXIX, eleemosyna viri gratiam hominis quasi pupillam conservabit. On the contrary, It is written (Sir 17:18): The alms of a man . . . shall preserve the grace of a man as the apple of the eye. Respondeo dicendum quod eleemosyna corporalis tripliciter potest considerari. Uno modo, secundum suam substantiam. Et secundum hoc non habet nisi corporalem effectum, inquantum scilicet supplet corporales defectus proximorum. Alio modo potest considerari ex parte causae eius, inquantum scilicet aliquis eleemosynam corporalem dat propter dilectionem Dei et proximi. Et quantum ad hoc affert fructum spiritualem, secundum illud Eccli. XXIX, perde pecuniam propter fratrem. Pone thesaurum in praeceptis altissimi, et proderit tibi magis quam aurum. I answer that, Corporal almsdeeds may be considered in three ways. First, with regard to their substance, and in this way they have merely a corporal effect, inasmuch as they supply our neighbor’s corporal needs. Second, they may be considered with regard to their cause, insofar as a man gives a corporal alms out of love for God and his neighbor, and in this respect they bring forth a spiritual fruit, according to Ecclus. 29:13, 14: Lose thy money for thy brother . . . place thy treasure in the commandments of the Most High, and it shall bring thee more profit than gold. Tertio modo, ex parte effectus. Et sic etiam habet spiritualem fructum, inquantum scilicet proximus, cui per corporalem eleemosynam subvenitur, movetur ad orandum pro benefactore. Unde et ibidem subditur, conclude eleemosynam in sinu pauperis, et haec pro te exorabit ab omni malo. Third, with regard to the effect, and in this way again, they have a spiritual fruit, inasmuch as our neighbor, who is succored by a corporal alms, is moved to pray for his benefactor; wherefore the above text goes on (Sir 29:15): Shut up alms in the heart of the poor, and it shall obtain help for thee from all evil. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de corporali eleemosyna secundum suam substantiam. Reply Obj. 1: This argument considers corporal almsdeeds as to their substance.