Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fraterna correctio non sit actus caritatis. Dicit enim Glossa Matth. XVIII, super illud, si peccaverit in te frater tuus, quod frater est arguendus ex zelo iustitiae. Sed iustitia est virtus distincta a caritate. Ergo correctio fraterna non est actus caritatis, sed iustitiae. Objection 1: It would seem that fraternal correction is not an act of charity. For a gloss on Matt. 18:15, If thy brother shall offend against thee, says that a man should reprove his brother out of zeal for justice. But justice is a distinct virtue from charity. Therefore fraternal correction is an act, not of charity, but of justice. Praeterea, correctio fraterna fit per secretam admonitionem. Sed admonitio est consilium quoddam, quod pertinet ad prudentiam, prudentis enim est esse bene consiliativum, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Ergo fraterna correctio non est actus caritatis, sed prudentiae. Obj. 2: Further, fraternal correction is given by secret admonition. Now admonition is a kind of counsel, which is an act of prudence, for a prudent man is one who is of good counsel (Ethic. vi, 5). Therefore fraternal correction is an act, not of charity, but of prudence. Praeterea, contrarii actus non pertinent ad eandem virtutem. Sed supportare peccantem est actus caritatis, secundum illud ad Gal. VI, alter alterius onera portate, et sic adimplebitis legem Christi, quae est lex caritatis. Ergo videtur quod corrigere fratrem peccantem, quod est contrarium supportationi, non sit actus caritatis. Obj. 3: Further, contrary acts do not belong to the same virtue. Now it is an act of charity to bear with a sinner, according to Gal. 6:2: Bear ye one another’s burdens, and so you shall fulfill the law of Christ, which is the law of charity. Therefore it seems that the correction of a sinning brother, which is contrary to bearing with him, is not an act of charity. Sed contra, corripere delinquentem est quaedam eleemosyna spiritualis. Sed eleemosyna est actus caritatis, ut supra dictum est. Ergo et correctio fraterna est actus caritatis. On the contrary, To correct the wrongdoer is a spiritual almsdeed. But almsdeeds are works of charity, as stated above (Q. 32, A. 1). Therefore fraternal correction is an act of charity. Respondeo dicendum quod correctio delinquentis est quoddam remedium quod debet adhiberi contra peccatum alicuius. Peccatum autem alicuius dupliciter considerari potest, uno quidem modo, inquantum est nocivum ei qui peccat; alio modo, inquantum vergit in nocumentum aliorum, qui ex eius peccato laeduntur vel scandalizantur; et etiam inquantum est in nocumentum boni communis, cuius iustitia per peccatum hominis perturbatur. I answer that, The correction of the wrongdoer is a remedy which should be employed against a man’s sin. Now a man’s sin may be considered in two ways, first as being harmful to the sinner, second as conducing to the harm of others, by hurting or scandalizing them, or by being detrimental to the common good, the justice of which is disturbed by that man’s sin. Duplex ergo est correctio delinquentis. Una quidem quae adhibet remedium peccato inquantum est quoddam malum ipsius peccantis, et ista est proprie fraterna correctio, quae ordinatur ad emendationem delinquentis. Removere autem malum alicuius eiusdem rationis est et bonum eius procurare. Procurare autem fratris bonum pertinet ad caritatem, per quam volumus et operamur bonum amico. Unde etiam correctio fraterna est actus caritatis, quia per eam repellimus malum fratris, scilicet peccatum. Cuius remotio magis pertinet ad caritatem quam etiam remotio exterioris damni, vel etiam corporalis nocumenti, quanto contrarium bonum virtutis magis est affine caritati quam bonum corporis vel exteriorum rerum. Unde correctio fraterna magis est actus caritatis quam curatio infirmitatis corporalis, vel subventio qua excluditur exterior egestas. Alia vero correctio est quae adhibet remedium peccati delinquentis secundum quod est in malum aliorum, et etiam praecipue in nocumentum communis boni. Et talis correctio est actus iustitiae, cuius est conservare rectitudinem iustitiae unius ad alium. Consequently the correction of a wrongdoer is twofold, one which applies a remedy to the sin considered as an evil of the sinner himself. This is fraternal correction properly so called, which is directed to the amendment of the sinner. Now to do away with anyone’s evil is the same as to procure his good: and to procure a person’s good is an act of charity, whereby we wish and do our friend well. Consequently fraternal correction also is an act of charity, because thereby we drive out our brother’s evil, viz. sin, the removal of which pertains to charity rather than the removal of an external loss, or of a bodily injury, in so much as the contrary good of virtue is more akin to charity than the good of the body or of external things. Therefore fraternal correction is an act of charity rather than the healing of a bodily infirmity, or the relieving of an external bodily need. There is another correction which applies a remedy to the sin of the wrongdoer, considered as hurtful to others, and especially to the common good. This correction is an act of justice, whose concern it is to safeguard the rectitude of justice between one man and another. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod Glossa illa loquitur de secunda correctione, quae est actus iustitiae. Vel, si loquatur etiam de prima, iustitia ibi sumitur secundum quod est universalis virtus, ut infra dicetur, prout etiam omne peccatum est iniquitas, ut dicitur I Ioan. III, quasi contra iustitiam existens. Reply Obj. 1: This gloss speaks of the second correction which is an act of justice. Or if it speaks of the first correction, then it takes justice as denoting a general virtue, as we shall state further on (Q. 58, A. 5), in which sense again all sin is iniquity (1 John 3:4), through being contrary to justice. Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., prudentia facit rectitudinem in his quae sunt ad finem, de quibus est consilium et electio. Tamen cum per prudentiam aliquid recte agimus ad finem alicuius virtutis moralis, puta temperantiae vel fortitudinis, actus ille est principaliter illius virtutis ad cuius finem ordinatur. Quia ergo admonitio quae fit in correctione fraterna ordinatur ad amovendum peccatum fratris, quod pertinet ad caritatem; manifestum est quod talis admonitio principaliter est actus caritatis, quasi imperantis, prudentiae vero secundario, quasi exequentis et dirigentis actum. Reply Obj. 2: According to the Philosopher (Ethic. vi, 12), prudence regulates whatever is directed to the end, about which things counsel and choice are concerned. Nevertheless when, guided by prudence, we perform some action aright which is directed to the end of some virtue, such as temperance or fortitude, that action belongs chiefly to the virtue to whose end it is directed. Since, then, the admonition which is given in fraternal correction is directed to the removal of a brother’s sin, which removal pertains to charity, it is evident that this admonition is chiefly an act of charity, which virtue commands it, so to speak, but secondarily an act of prudence, which executes and directs the action. Ad tertium dicendum quod correctio fraterna non opponitur supportationi infirmorum, sed magis ex ea consequitur. Intantum enim aliquis supportat peccantem inquantum contra eum non turbatur, sed benevolentiam ad eum servat. Et ex hoc contingit quod eum satagit emendare. Reply Obj. 3: Fraternal correction is not opposed to forbearance with the weak, on the contrary it results from it. For a man bears with a sinner, insofar as he is not disturbed against him, and retains his goodwill towards him: the result being that he strives to make him do better. Articulus 2 Article 2 Utrum correctio fraterna sit in praecepto Whether fraternal correction is a matter of precept? Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod correctio fraterna non sit in praecepto. Nihil enim quod est impossibile cadit sub praecepto, secundum illud Hieronymi, maledictus qui dicit Deum aliquid impossibile praecepisse. Sed Eccle. VII dicitur, considera opera Dei, quod nemo possit corrigere quem ille despexerit. Ergo correctio fraterna non est in praecepto. Objection 1: It would seem that fraternal correction is not a matter of precept. For nothing impossible is a matter of precept, according to the saying of Jerome: Accursed be he who says that God has commanded anything impossible. Now it is written (Eccl 7:14): Consider the works of God, that no man can correct whom He hath despised. Therefore fraternal correction is not a matter of precept. Praeterea, omnia praecepta legis divinae ad praecepta Decalogi reducuntur. Sed correctio fraterna non cadit sub aliquo praeceptorum Decalogi. Ergo non cadit sub praecepto. Obj. 2: Further, all the precepts of the Divine Law are reduced to the precepts of the Decalogue. But fraternal correction does not come under any precept of the Decalogue. Therefore it is not a matter of precept. Praeterea, omissio praecepti divini est peccatum mortale, quod in sanctis viris non invenitur. Sed omissio fraternae correctionis invenitur in sanctis et in spiritualibus viris, dicit enim Augustinus, I de Civ. Dei, quod non solum inferiores, verum etiam hi qui superiorem vitae gradum tenent ab aliorum reprehensione se abstinent, propter quaedam cupiditatis vincula, non propter officia caritatis. Ergo correctio fraterna non est in praecepto. Obj. 3: Further, the omission of a Divine precept is a mortal sin, which has no place in a holy man. Yet holy and spiritual men are found to omit fraternal correction: since Augustine says (De Civ. Dei i, 9): Not only those of low degree, but also those of high position, refrain from reproving others, moved by a guilty cupidity, not by the claims of charity. Therefore fraternal correction is not a matter of precept. Praeterea, illud quod est in praecepto habet rationem debiti. Si ergo correctio fraterna caderet sub praecepto, hoc fratribus deberemus ut eos peccantes corrigeremus. Sed ille qui debet alicui debitum corporale, puta pecuniam, non debet esse contentus ut ei occurrat creditor, sed debet eum quaerere ut debitum reddat. Oporteret ergo quod homo quaereret correctione indigentes ad hoc quod eos corrigeret. Quod videtur inconveniens, tum propter multitudinem peccantium, ad quorum correctionem unus homo non posset sufficere; tum etiam quia oporteret quod religiosi de claustris suis exirent ad homines corrigendos, quod est inconveniens. Non ergo fraterna correctio est in praecepto. Obj. 4: Further, whatever is a matter of precept is something due. If, therefore, fraternal correction is a matter of precept, it is due to our brethren that we correct them when they sin. Now when a man owes anyone a material due, such as the payment of a sum of money, he must not be content that his creditor come to him, but he should seek him out, that he may pay him his due. Hence we should have to go seeking for those who need correction, in order that we might correct them; which appears to be inconvenient, both on account of the great number of sinners, for whose correction one man could not suffice, and because religious would have to leave the cloister in order to reprove men, which would be unbecoming. Therefore fraternal correction is not a matter of precept. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Verb. Dom., si neglexeris corrigere, peior eo factus es qui peccavit. Sed hoc non esset nisi per huiusmodi negligentiam aliquis praeceptum omitteret. Ergo correctio fraterna est in praecepto. On the contrary, Augustine says (De Verb. Dom. xvi, 4): You become worse than the sinner if you fail to correct him. But this would not be so unless, by this neglect, one omitted to observe some precept. Therefore fraternal correction is a matter of precept. Respondeo dicendum quod correctio fraterna cadit sub praecepto. Sed considerandum est quod sicut praecepta negativa legis prohibent actus peccatorum, ita praecepta affirmativa inducunt ad actus virtutum. Actus autem peccatorum sunt secundum se mali, et nullo modo bene fieri possunt, nec aliquo tempore aut loco, quia secundum se sunt coniuncti malo fini, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Et ideo praecepta negativa obligant semper et ad semper. Sed actus virtutum non quolibet modo fieri debent, sed observatis debitis circumstantiis quae requiruntur ad hoc quod sit actus virtuosus, ut scilicet fiat ubi debet, et quando debet, et secundum quod debet. Et quia dispositio eorum quae sunt ad finem attenditur secundum rationem finis, in istis circumstantiis virtuosi actus praecipue attendenda est ratio finis, qui est bonum virtutis. Si ergo sit aliqua talis omissio alicuius circumstantiae circa virtuosum actum quae totaliter tollat bonum virtutis, hoc contrariatur praecepto. Si autem sit defectus alicuius circumstantiae quae non totaliter tollat virtutem, licet non perfecte attingat ad bonum virtutis, non est contra praeceptum. Unde et Philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod si parum discedatur a medio, non est contra virtutem, sed si multum discedatur, corrumpitur virtus in suo actu. Correctio autem fraterna ordinatur ad fratris emendationem. Et ideo hoc modo cadit sub praecepto, secundum quod est necessaria ad istum finem, non autem ita quod quolibet loco vel tempore frater delinquens corrigatur. I answer that, Fraternal correction is a matter of precept. We must observe, however, that while the negative precepts of the Law forbid sinful acts, the positive precepts inculcate acts of virtue. Now sinful acts are evil in themselves, and cannot become good, no matter how, or when, or where, they are done, because of their very nature they are connected with an evil end, as stated in Ethic. ii, 6: wherefore negative precepts bind always and for all times. On the other hand, acts of virtue must not be done anyhow, but by observing the due circumstances, which are requisite in order that an act be virtuous; namely, that it be done where, when, and how it ought to be done. And since the disposition of whatever is directed to the end depends on the formal aspect of the end, the chief of these circumstances of a virtuous act is this aspect of the end, which in this case is the good of virtue. If therefore such a circumstance be omitted from a virtuous act, as entirely takes away the good of virtue, such an act is contrary to a precept. If, however, the circumstance omitted from a virtuous act be such as not to destroy the virtue altogether, though it does not perfectly attain the good of virtue, it is not against a precept. Hence the Philosopher (Ethic. ii, 9) says that if we depart but little from the mean, it is not contrary to the virtue, whereas if we depart much from the mean virtue is destroyed in its act. Now fraternal correction is directed to a brother’s amendment: so that it is a matter of precept, insofar as it is necessary for that end, but not so as we have to correct our erring brother at all places and times. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod in omnibus bonis agendis operatio hominis non est efficax nisi adsit auxilium divinum, et tamen homo debet facere quod in se est. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Corr. et Grat., nescientes quis pertineat ad praedestinatorum numerum et quis non pertineat, sic affici debemus caritatis affectu ut omnes velimus salvos fieri. Et ideo omnibus debemus fraternae correctionis officium impendere sub spe divini auxilii. Reply Obj. 1: In all good deeds man’s action is not efficacious without the Divine assistance: and yet man must do what is in his power. Hence Augustine says (De Correp. et Gratia xv): Since we ignore who is predestined and who is not, charity should so guide our feelings, that we wish all to be saved. Consequently we ought to do our brethren the kindness of correcting them, with the hope of God’s help. Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, omnia praecepta quae pertinent ad impendendum aliquod beneficium proximo reducuntur ad praeceptum de honoratione parentum. Reply Obj. 2: As stated above (Q. 32, A. 5, ad 4), all the precepts about rendering service to our neighbor are reduced to the precept about the honor due to parents. Ad tertium dicendum quod correctio fraterna tripliciter omitti potest. Reply Obj. 3: Fraternal correction may be omitted in three ways. Uno quidem modo, meritorie, quando ex caritate aliquis correctionem omittit. Dicit enim Augustinus, in I de Civ. Dei, si propterea quisque obiurgandis et corripiendis male agentibus parcit, quia opportunius tempus inquiritur; vel eisdem ipsis metuit ne deteriores ex hoc efficiantur, vel ad bonam vitam et piam erudiendos impediant alios infirmos et premant, atque avertant a fide; non videtur esse cupiditatis occasio, sed consilium caritatis. First, meritoriously, when out of charity one omits to correct someone. For Augustine says (De Civ. Dei i, 9): If a man refrains from chiding and reproving wrongdoers, because he awaits a suitable time for so doing, or because he fears lest, if he does so, they may become worse, or hinder, oppress, or turn away from the faith, others who are weak and need to be instructed in a life of goodness and virtue, this does not seem to result from covetousness, but to be counselled by charity. Alio modo praetermittitur fraterna correctio cum peccato mortali, quando scilicet formidatur, ut ibi dicitur, iudicium vulgi et carnis excruciatio vel peremptio; dum tamen haec ita dominentur in animo quod fraternae caritati praeponantur. Et hoc videtur contingere quando aliquis praesumit de aliquo delinquente probabiliter quod posset eum a peccato retrahere, et tamen propter timorem vel cupiditatem praetermittit. Second, fraternal correction may be omitted in such a way that one commits a mortal sin, namely, when (as he says in the same passage) one fears what people may think, or lest one may suffer grievous pain or death; provided, however, that the mind is so dominated by such things, that it gives them the preference to fraternal charity. This would seem to be the case when a man reckons that he might probably withdraw some wrongdoer from sin, and yet omits to do so, through fear or covetousness. Tertio modo huiusmodi omissio est peccatum veniale, quando timor et cupiditas tardiorem faciunt hominem ad corrigendum delicta fratris, non tamen ita quod, si ei constaret quod fratrem posset a peccato retrahere, propter timorem vel cupiditatem dimitteret, quibus in animo suo praeponit caritatem fraternam. Et hoc modo quandoque viri sancti negligunt corrigere delinquentes. Third, such an omission is a venial sin, when through fear or covetousness, a man is loth to correct his brother’s faults, and yet not to such a degree, that if he saw clearly that he could withdraw him from sin, he would still forbear from so doing, through fear or covetousness, because in his own mind he prefers fraternal charity to these things. It is in this way that holy men sometimes omit to correct wrongdoers. Ad quartum dicendum quod illud quod debetur alicui determinatae et certae personae, sive sit bonum corporale sive spirituale, oportet quod ei impendamus non expectantes quod nobis occurrat, sed debitam sollicitudinem habentes ut eum inquiramus. Unde sicut ille qui debet pecuniam creditori debet eum requirere cum tempus fuerit ut ei debitum reddat, ita qui habet spiritualiter curam alicuius debet eum quaerere ad hoc quod eum corrigat de peccato. Sed illa beneficia quae non debentur certae personae sed communiter omnibus proximis, sive sint corporalia sive spiritualia, non oportet nos quaerere quibus impendamus, sed sufficit quod impendamus eis qui nobis occurrunt, hoc enim quasi pro quadam sorte habendum est, ut Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ. Et propter hoc dicit, in libro de Verb. Dom., quod admonet nos dominus noster non negligere invicem peccata nostra, non quaerendo quid reprehendas, sed videndo quid corrigas. Alioquin efficeremur exploratores vitae aliorum, contra id quod dicitur Prov. XXIV, ne quaeras impietatem in domo iusti, et non vastes requiem eius. Unde patet quod nec religiosos oportet exire claustrum ad corrigendum delinquentes. Reply Obj. 4: We are bound to pay that which is due to some fixed and certain person, whether it be a material or a spiritual good, without waiting for him to come to us, but by taking proper steps to find him. Wherefore just as he that owes money to a creditor should seek him, when the time comes, so as to pay him what he owes, so he that has spiritual charge of some person is bound to seek him out, in order to reprove him for a sin. On the other hand, we are not bound to seek someone on whom to bestow such favors as are due, not to any certain person, but to all our neighbors in general, whether those favors be material or spiritual goods, but it suffices that we bestow them when the opportunity occurs; because, as Augustine says (De Doctr. Christ. i, 28), we must look upon this as a matter of chance. For this reason he says (De Verb. Dom. xvi, 1) that Our Lord warns us not to be listless in regard of one another’s sins: not indeed by being on the lookout for something to denounce, but by correcting what we see: else we should become spies on the lives of others, which is against the saying of Prov. 24:19: Lie not in wait, nor seek after wickedness in the house of the just, nor spoil his rest. It is evident from this that there is no need for religious to leave their cloister in order to rebuke evil-doers. Articulus 3 Article 3 Utrum correctio fraterna pertineat nisi ad praelatos Whether fraternal correction belongs only to prelates? Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod correctio fraterna non pertineat nisi ad praelatos. Dicit enim Hieronymus, sacerdotes studeant illud Evangelii implere, si peccaverit in te frater tuus, et cetera. Sed nomine sacerdotum consueverunt significari praelati, qui habent curam aliorum. Ergo videtur quod ad solos praelatos pertineat fraterna correctio. Objection 1: It would seem that fraternal correction belongs to prelates alone. For Jerome says: Let priests endeavor to fulfill this saying of the Gospel: ‘If thy brother sin against thee,’ etc. Now prelates having charge of others were usually designated under the name of priests. Therefore it seems that fraternal correction belongs to prelates alone. Praeterea, fraterna correctio est quaedam eleemosyna spiritualis. Sed corporalem eleemosynam facere pertinet ad eos qui sunt superiores in temporalibus, scilicet ad ditiores. Ergo etiam fraterna correctio pertinet ad eos qui sunt superiores in spiritualibus, scilicet ad praelatos. Obj. 2: Further, fraternal correction is a spiritual alms. Now corporal almsgiving belongs to those who are placed above others in temporal matters, i.e., to the rich. Therefore fraternal correction belongs to those who are placed above others in spiritual matters, i.e., to prelates. Praeterea, ille qui corripit alium movet eum sua admonitione ad melius. Sed in rebus naturalibus inferiora moventur a superioribus. Ergo etiam secundum ordinem virtutis, qui sequitur ordinem naturae, ad solos praelatos pertinet inferiores corrigere. Obj. 3: Further, when one man reproves another he moves him by his rebuke to something better. Now in the physical order the inferior is moved by the superior. Therefore in the order of virtue also, which follows the order of nature, it belongs to prelates alone to correct inferiors. Sed contra est quod dicitur XXIV, qu. III, tam sacerdotes quam reliqui fideles omnes summam debent habere curam de his qui pereunt, quatenus eorum redargutione aut corrigantur a peccatis, aut, si incorrigibiles appareant, ab Ecclesia separentur. On the contrary, It is written (Dist. xxiv, qu. 3, Can. Tam Sacerdotes): Both priests and all the rest of the faithful should be most solicitous for those who perish, so that their reproof may either correct their sinful ways, or, if they be incorrigible, cut them off from the Church. Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, duplex est correctio. Una quidem quae est actus caritatis, qui specialiter tendit ad emendationem fratris delinquentis per simplicem admonitionem. Et talis correctio pertinet ad quemlibet caritatem habentem, sive sit subditus sive praelatus. I answer that, As stated above (A. 1), correction is twofold. One is an act of charity, which seeks in a special way the recovery of an erring brother by means of a simple warning: such like correction belongs to anyone who has charity, be he subject or prelate. Est autem alia correctio quae est actus iustitiae, per quam intenditur bonum commune, quod non solum procuratur per admonitionem fratris, sed interdum etiam per punitionem, ut alii a peccato timentes desistant. Et talis correctio pertinet ad solos praelatos, qui non solum habent admonere, sed etiam corrigere puniendo. But there is another correction which is an act of justice purposing the common good, which is procured not only by warning one’s brother, but also, sometimes, by punishing him, that others may, through fear, desist from sin. Such a correction belongs only to prelates, whose business it is not only to admonish, but also to correct by means of punishments. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod etiam in correctione fraterna, quae ad omnes pertinet, gravior est cura praelatorum; ut dicit Augustinus, in I de Civ. Dei. Sicut enim temporalia beneficia potius debet aliquis exhibere illis quorum curam temporalem habet, ita etiam beneficia spiritualia, puta correctionem, doctrinam et alia huiusmodi magis debet exhibere illis qui sunt suae spirituali curae commissi. Non ergo intendit Hieronymus dicere quod ad solos sacerdotes pertineat praeceptum de correctione fraterna, sed quod ad hos specialiter pertinet. Reply Obj. 1: Even as regards that fraternal correction which is common to all, prelates have a grave responsibility, as Augustine says (De Civ. Dei i, 9), for just as a man ought to bestow temporal favors on those especially of whom he has temporal care, so too ought he to confer spiritual favors, such as correction, teaching and the like, on those who are entrusted to his spiritual care. Therefore Jerome does not mean that the precept of fraternal correction concerns priests only, but that it concerns them chiefly. Ad secundum dicendum quod sicut ille qui habet unde corporaliter subvenire possit quantum ad hoc dives est, ita ille qui habet sanum rationis iudicium, ex quo possit alterius delictum corrigere quantum ad hoc est superior habendus. Reply Obj. 2: Just as he who has the means wherewith to give corporal assistance is rich in this respect, so he whose reason is gifted with a sane judgment, so as to be able to correct another’s wrong-doing, is, in this respect, to be looked on as a superior. Ad tertium dicendum quod etiam in rebus naturalibus quaedam mutuo in se agunt, quia quantum ad aliquid sunt se invicem superiora, prout scilicet utrumque est quodammodo in potentia et quodammodo in actu respectu alterius. Et similiter aliquis, inquantum habet sanum rationis iudicium in hoc in quo alter delinquit, potest eum corrigere, licet non sit simpliciter superior. Reply Obj. 3: Even in the physical order certain things act mutually on one another, through being in some respect higher than one another, insofar as each is somewhat in act, and somewhat in potentiality with regard to another. In like manner one man can correct another insofar as he has a sane judgment in a matter wherein the other sins, though he is not his superior simply. Articulus 4 Article 4