Ad quartum dicendum quod in veritate vitae, doctrinae et iustitiae non solum comprehenditur id quod est de necessitate salutis, sed etiam id per quod perfectius pervenitur ad salutem, secundum illud I ad Cor. XII, aemulamini charismata meliora. Unde etiam consilia non sunt simpliciter praetermittenda, nec etiam misericordiae opera, propter scandalum, sed sunt interdum occultanda vel differenda propter scandalum pusillorum, ut dictum est. Quandoque tamen consiliorum observatio et impletio operum misericordiae sunt de necessitate salutis. Quod patet in his qui iam voverunt consilia; et in his quibus ex debito imminet defectibus aliorum subvenire, vel in temporalibus, puta pascendo esurientem, vel in spiritualibus, puta docendo ignorantem; sive huiusmodi fiant debita propter iniunctum officium, ut patet in praelatis, sive propter necessitatem indigentis. Et tunc eadem ratio est de huiusmodi sicut de aliis quae sunt de necessitate salutis. Reply Obj. 4: The truth of life, of doctrine, and of justice comprises not only whatever is necessary for salvation, but also whatever is a means of obtaining salvation more perfectly, according to 1 Cor. 12:31: Be zealous for the better gifts. Wherefore neither the counsels nor even the works of mercy are to be altogether omitted in order to avoid scandal; but sometimes they should be concealed or deferred, on account of the scandal of the little ones, as stated above. Sometimes, however, the observance of the counsels and the fulfilment of the works of mercy are necessary for salvation. This may be seen in the case of those who have vowed to keep the counsels, and of those whose duty it is to relieve the wants of others, either in temporal matters (as by feeding the hungry), or in spiritual matters (as by instructing the ignorant), whether such duties arise from their being enjoined as in the case of prelates, or from the need on the part of the person in want; and then the same applies to these things as to others that are necessary for salvation. Ad quintum dicendum quod quidam dixerunt quod peccatum veniale est committendum propter vitandum scandalum. Sed hoc implicat contraria, si enim faciendum est, iam non est malum neque peccatum; nam peccatum non potest esse eligibile. Contingit tamen aliquid propter aliquam circumstantiam non esse peccatum veniale quod, illa circumstantia sublata, peccatum veniale esset, sicut verbum iocosum est peccatum veniale quando absque utilitate dicitur; si autem ex causa rationabili proferatur, non est otiosum neque peccatum. Quamvis autem per peccatum veniale gratia non tollatur, per quam est hominis salus; inquantum tamen veniale disponit ad mortale, vergit in detrimentum salutis. Reply Obj. 5: Some have said that one ought to commit a venial sin in order to avoid scandal. But this implies a contradiction, since if it ought to be done, it is no longer evil or sinful, for a sin cannot be a matter of choice. It may happen however that, on account of some circumstance, something is not a venial sin, though it would be were it not for that circumstance: thus an idle word is a venial sin, when it is uttered uselessly; yet if it be uttered for a reasonable cause, it is neither idle nor sinful. And though venial sin does not deprive a man of grace which is his means of salvation, yet, insofar as it disposes him to mortal sin, it tends to the loss of salvation. Articulus 8 Article 8 Utrum temporalia sint dimittenda propter scandalum Whether temporal goods should be foregone on account of scandal? Ad octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod temporalia sint dimittenda propter scandalum. Magis enim debemus diligere spiritualem salutem proximi, quae impeditur per scandalum, quam quaecumque temporalia bona. Sed id quod minus diligimus dimittimus propter id quod magis diligimus. Ergo temporalia magis debemus dimittere ad vitandum scandalum proximorum. Objection 1: It would seem that temporal goods should be foregone on account of scandal. For we ought to love our neighbor’s spiritual welfare which is hindered by scandal, more than any temporal goods whatever. But we forego what we love less for the sake of what we love more. Therefore we should forego temporal goods in order to avoid scandalizing our neighbor. Praeterea, secundum regulam Hieronymi, omnia quae possunt praetermitti salva triplici veritate, sunt propter scandalum dimittenda. Sed temporalia possunt praetermitti salva triplici veritate. Ergo sunt propter scandalum dimittenda. Obj. 2: Further, according to Jerome’s rule, whatever can be foregone without prejudice to the threefold truth, should be omitted in order to avoid scandal. Now temporal goods can be foregone without prejudice to the threefold truth. Therefore they should be foregone in order to avoid scandal. Praeterea, in temporalibus bonis nihil est magis necessarium quam cibus. Sed cibus est praetermittendus propter scandalum, secundum illud Rom. XIV, noli cibo tuo illum perdere pro quo Christus mortuus est. Ergo multo magis omnia alia temporalia sunt propter scandalum dimittenda. Obj. 3: Further, no temporal good is more necessary than food. But we ought to forego taking food on account of scandal, according to Rom. 14:15: Destroy not him with thy meat for whom Christ died. Much more therefore should all other temporal goods be foregone on account of scandal. Praeterea, temporalia nullo convenientiori modo conservare aut recuperare possumus quam per iudicium. Sed iudiciis uti non licet, et praecipue cum scandalo, dicitur enim Matth. V, ei qui vult tecum in iudicio contendere et tunicam tuam tollere, dimitte ei et pallium; et I ad Cor. VI, iam quidem omnino delictum est in vobis quod iudicia habetis inter vos. Quare non magis iniuriam accipitis? Quare non magis fraudem patimini? Ergo videtur quod temporalia sint propter scandalum dimittenda. Obj. 4: Further, the most fitting way of safeguarding and recovering temporal goods is the court of justice. But it is unlawful to have recourse to justice, especially if scandal ensues: for it is written (Matt 5:40): If a man will contend with thee in judgment, and take away thy coat, let go thy cloak also unto him; and (1 Cor 6:7): Already indeed there is plainly a fault among you, that you have lawsuits one with another. Why do you not rather take wrong? why do you not rather suffer yourselves to be defrauded? Therefore it seems that we ought to forego temporal goods on account of scandal. Praeterea, inter omnia temporalia minus videntur dimittenda quae sunt spiritualibus annexa. Sed ista sunt propter scandalum dimittenda, apostolus enim, seminans spiritualia, temporalia stipendia non accepit, ne offendiculum daret Evangelio Christi, ut patet I ad Cor. IX; et ex simili causa Ecclesia in aliquibus terris non exigit decimas, propter scandalum vitandum. Ergo multo magis alia temporalia sunt propter scandalum dimittenda. Obj. 5: Further, we ought, seemingly, to forego least of all those temporal goods which are connected with spiritual goods: and yet we ought to forego them on account of scandal. For the Apostle while sowing spiritual things did not accept a temporal stipend lest he should give any hindrance to the Gospel of Christ as we read 1 Cor. 9:12. For a like reason the Church does not demand tithes in certain countries, in order to avoid scandal. Much more, therefore, ought we to forego other temporal goods in order to avoid scandal. Sed contra est quod beatus Thomas Cantuariensis repetiit res Ecclesiae cum scandalo regis. On the contrary, Blessed Thomas of Canterbury demanded the restitution of Church property, notwithstanding that the king took scandal from his doing so. Respondeo dicendum quod circa temporalia bona distinguendum est. Aut enim sunt nostra, aut sunt nobis ad conservandum pro aliis commissa; sicut bona Ecclesiae committuntur praelatis, et bona communia quibuscumque reipublicae rectoribus. Et talium conservatio, sicut et depositorum, imminet his quibus sunt commissa ex necessitate. Et ideo non sunt propter scandalum dimittenda, sicut nec alia quae sunt de necessitate salutis. I answer that, A distinction must be made in temporal goods: for either they are ours, or they are consigned to us to take care of them for someone else; thus the goods of the Church are consigned to prelates, and the goods of the community are entrusted to all such persons as have authority over the common weal. In this latter case the care of such things (as of things held in deposit) devolves of necessity on those persons to whom they are entrusted, wherefore, even as other things that are necessary for salvation, they are not to be foregone on account of scandal. Temporalia vero quorum nos sumus domini dimittere, ea tribuendo si penes nos ea habeamus, vel non repetendo si apud alios sint, propter scandalum quandoque quidem debemus, quandoque autem non. Si enim scandalum ex hoc oriatur propter ignorantiam vel infirmitatem aliorum, quod supra diximus esse scandalum pusillorum; tunc vel totaliter dimittenda sunt temporalia; vel aliter scandalum sedandum, scilicet per aliquam admonitionem. On the other hand, as regards those temporalities of which we have the dominion, sometimes, on account of scandal, we are bound to forego them, and sometimes we are not so bound, whether we forego them by giving them up, if we have them in our possession, or by omitting to claim them, if they are in the possession of others. For if the scandal arise therefrom through the ignorance or weakness of others (in which case, as stated above, A. 7, it is scandal of the little ones) we must either forego such temporalities altogether, or the scandal must be abated by some other means, namely, by some kind of admonition. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, dandum est quod nec tibi nec alteri noceat, quantum ab homine credi potest. Et cum negaveris quod petit, indicanda est ei iustitia, et melius ei aliquid dabis, cum petentem iniuste correxeris. Aliquando vero scandalum nascitur ex malitia, quod est scandalum Pharisaeorum. Et propter eos qui sic scandala concitant non sunt temporalia dimittenda, quia hoc et noceret bono communi, daretur enim malis rapiendi occasio; et noceret ipsis rapientibus, qui retinendo aliena in peccato remanerent. Unde Gregorius dicit, in Moral., quidam, dum temporalia nobis rapiunt, solummodo sunt tolerandi, quidam vero, servata aequitate, prohibendi; non sola cura ne nostra subtrahantur, sed ne rapientes non sua semetipsos perdant. Hence Augustine says (De Serm. Dom. in Monte i, 20): Thou shouldst give so as to injure neither thyself nor another, as much as thou canst lend, and if thou refusest what is asked, thou must yet be just to him, indeed thou wilt give him something better than he asks, if thou reprove him that asks unjustly. Sometimes, however, scandal arises from malice. This is scandal of the Pharisees: and we ought not to forego temporal goods for the sake of those who stir up scandals of this kind, for this would both be harmful to the common good, since it would give wicked men an opportunity of plunder, and would be injurious to the plunderers themselves, who would remain in sin as long as they were in possession of another’s property. Hence Gregory says (Moral. xxxi, 13): Sometimes we ought to suffer those who rob us of our temporalities, while sometimes we should resist them, as far as equity allows, in the hope not only that we may safeguard our property, but also lest those who take what is not theirs may lose themselves. Et per hoc patet solutio ad primum. This suffices for the Reply to the First Objection. Ad secundum dicendum quod si passim permitteretur malis hominibus ut aliena raperent, vergeret hoc in detrimentum veritatis vitae et iustitiae. Et ideo non oportet propter quodcumque scandalum temporalia dimitti. Reply Obj. 2: If it were permissible for wicked men to rob other people of their property, this would tend to the detriment of the truth of life and justice. Therefore we are not always bound to forego our temporal goods in order to avoid scandal. Ad tertium dicendum quod non est de intentione apostoli monere quod cibus totaliter propter scandalum dimittatur, quia sumere cibum est de necessitate salutis. Sed talis cibus est propter scandalum dimittendus, secundum illud I ad Cor. VIII, non manducabo carnem in aeternum, ne fratrem meum scandalizem. Reply Obj. 3: The Apostle had no intention of counselling total abstinence from food on account of scandal, because our welfare requires that we should take food: but he intended to counsel abstinence from a particular kind of food, in order to avoid scandal, according to 1 Cor. 8:13: I will never eat flesh, lest I should scandalize my brother. Ad quartum dicendum quod secundum Augustinum, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, illud praeceptum domini est intelligendum secundum praeparationem animi, ut scilicet homo sit paratus prius pati iniuriam vel fraudem quam iudicium subire, si hoc expediat. Quandoque tamen non expedit, ut dictum est. Et similiter intelligendum est verbum apostoli. Reply Obj. 4: According to Augustine (De Serm. Dom. in Monte i, 19) this precept of Our Lord is to be understood of the preparedness of the mind, namely, that man should be prepared, if it be expedient, to suffer being harmed or defrauded, rather than go to law. But sometimes it is not expedient, as stated above (ad 2). The same applies to the saying of the Apostle. Ad quintum dicendum quod scandalum quod vitabat apostolus ex ignorantia procedebat gentilium, qui hoc non consueverant. Et ideo ad tempus abstinendum erat, ut prius instruerentur hoc esse debitum. Et ex simili causa Ecclesia abstinet de decimis exigendis in terris in quibus non est consuetum decimas solvere. Reply Obj. 5: The scandal which the Apostle avoided, arose from an error of the gentiles who were not used to this payment. Hence it behooved him to forego it for the time being, so that they might be taught first of all that such a payment was a duty. For a like reason the Church refrains from demanding tithes in those countries where it is not customary to pay them. Quaestio 44 Question 44 De praeceptis caritatis The Precepts of Charity Deinde considerandum est de praeceptis caritatis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur octo. We must now consider the Precepts of Charity, under which there are eight points of inquiry: Primo, utrum de caritate sint danda praecepta. (1) Whether precepts should be given about charity? Secundo, utrum unum tantum, vel duo. (2) Whether there should be one or two? Tertio, utrum duo sufficiant. (3) Whether two suffice? Quarto, utrum convenienter praecipiatur ut Deus ex toto corde diligatur. (4) Whether it is fittingly prescribed that we should love God, with thy whole heart? Quinto, utrum convenienter addatur, ex tota mente et cetera. (5) Whether it is fittingly added: With thy whole mind, etc.? Sexto, utrum praeceptum hoc possit in vita ista impleri. (6) Whether it is possible to fulfill this precept in this life? Septimo, de hoc praecepto, diliges proximum tuum sicut teipsum. (7) Of the precept: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself; Octavo, utrum ordo caritatis cadat sub praecepto. (8) Whether the order of charity is included in the precept? Articulus 1 Article 1 Utrum de caritate debeat dari aliquod praeceptum Whether any precept should be given about charity? Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod de caritate non debeat dari aliquod praeceptum. Caritas enim imponit modum actibus omnium virtutum, de quibus dantur praecepta, cum sit forma virtutum, ut supra dictum est. Sed modus non est in praecepto, ut communiter dicitur. Ergo de caritate non sunt danda praecepta. Objection 1: It would seem that no precept should be given about charity. For charity imposes the mode on all acts of virtue, since it is the form of the virtues as stated above (Q. 23, A. 8), while the precepts are about the virtues themselves. Now, according to the common saying, the mode is not included in the precept. Therefore no precepts should be given about charity. Praeterea, caritas, quae in cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum diffunditur, facit nos liberos, quia ubi spiritus domini, ibi libertas, ut dicitur II ad Cor. III. Sed obligatio, quae ex praeceptis nascitur, libertati opponitur, quia necessitatem imponit. Ergo de caritate non sunt danda praecepta. Obj. 2: Further, charity, which is poured forth in our hearts by the Holy Spirit (Rom 5:5), makes us free, since where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty (2 Cor 3:17). Now the obligation that arises from a precept is opposed to liberty, since it imposes a necessity. Therefore no precept should be given about charity. Praeterea, caritas est praecipua inter omnes virtutes, ad quas ordinantur praecepta, ut ex supradictis patet. Si igitur de caritate dantur aliqua praecepta, deberent poni inter praecipua praecepta, quae sunt praecepta Decalogi. Non autem ponuntur. Ergo nulla praecepta sunt de caritate danda. Obj. 3: Further, charity is the foremost among all the virtues, to which the precepts are directed, as shown above (I-II, Q. 90, A. 2; Q. 100, A. 9). If, therefore, any precepts were given about charity, they should have a place among the chief precepts which are those of the decalogue. But they have no place there. Therefore no precepts should be given about charity. Sed contra, illud quod Deus requirit a nobis cadit sub praecepto. Requirit autem Deus ab homine ut diligat eum, ut dicitur Deut. X. Ergo de dilectione caritatis, quae est dilectio Dei, sunt danda praecepta. On the contrary, Whatever God requires of us is included in a precept. Now God requires that man should love Him, according to Deut. 10:12. Therefore it behooved precepts to be given about the love of charity, which is the love of God. Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, praeceptum importat rationem debiti. Intantum ergo aliquid cadit sub praecepto inquantum habet rationem debiti. Est autem aliquid debitum dupliciter, uno modo, per se; alio modo, propter aliud. Per se quidem debitum est in unoquoque negotio id quod est finis, quia habet rationem per se boni; propter aliud autem est debitum id quod ordinatur ad finem, sicut medico per se debitum est ut sanet; propter aliud autem, ut det medicinam ad sanandum. I answer that, As stated above (Q. 16, A. 1; I-II, Q. 99, A. 1), a precept implies the notion of something due. Hence a thing is a matter of precept, insofar as it is something due. Now a thing is due in two ways, for its own sake, and for the sake of something else. In every affair, it is the end that is due for its own sake, because it has the character of a good for its own sake: while that which is directed to the end is due for the sake of something else: thus for a physician, it is due for its own sake, that he should heal, while it is due for the sake of something else that he should give a medicine in order to heal.