Articulus 2 Article 2 Utrum religio sit virtus Whether religion is a virtue? Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non sit virtus. Ad religionem enim pertinere videtur Deo reverentiam exhibere. Sed revereri est actus timoris, qui est donum, ut ex supradictis patet. Ergo religio non est virtus, sed donum. Objection 1: It would seem that religion is not a virtue. Seemingly it belongs to religion to pay reverence to God. But reverence is an act of fear which is a gift, as stated above (Q. 19, A. 9). Therefore religion is not a virtue but a gift. Praeterea, omnis virtus in libera voluntate consistit, unde dicitur habitus electivus, vel voluntarius. Sed sicut dictum est, ad religionem pertinet latria, quae servitutem quandam importat. Ergo religio non est virtus. Obj. 2: Further, every virtue is a free exercise of the will, wherefore it is described as an elective or voluntary habit. Now, as stated above (A. 1, ad 3) latria belongs to religion, and latria denotes a kind of servitude. Therefore religion is not a virtue. Praeterea, sicut dicitur in II Ethic., aptitudo virtutum inest nobis a natura, unde ea quae pertinent ad virtutes sunt de dictamine rationis naturalis. Sed ad religionem pertinet caeremoniam divinae naturae afferre. Caeremonialia autem, ut supra dictum est, non sunt de dictamine rationis naturalis. Ergo religio non est virtus. Obj. 3: Further, according to Ethic. ii, 1, aptitude for virtue is in us by nature, wherefore things pertaining to virtue belong to the dictate of natural reason. Now, it belongs to religion to offer ceremonial worship to the Godhead, and ceremonial matters, as stated above (I-II, Q. 99, A. 3, ad 2; Q. 101), do not belong to the dictate of natural reason. Therefore religion is not a virtue. Sed contra est quia connumeratur aliis virtutibus, ut ex praemissis patet. On the contrary, It is enumerated with the other virtues, as appears from what has been said above (Q. 80). Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtus est quae bonum facit habentem et opus eius bonum reddit. Et ideo necesse est dicere omnem actum bonum ad virtutem pertinere. Manifestum est autem quod reddere debitum alicui habet rationem boni, quia per hoc quod aliquis alteri debitum reddit, etiam constituitur in proportione convenienti respectu ipsius, quasi convenienter ordinatus ad ipsum; ordo autem ad rationem boni pertinet, sicut et modus et species, ut per Augustinum patet, in libro de natura boni. Cum igitur ad religionem pertineat reddere honorem debitum alicui, scilicet Deo, manifestum est quod religio virtus est. I answer that, As stated above (Q. 58, A. 3; I-II, Q. 55, AA. 3, 4) a virtue is that which makes its possessor good, and his act good likewise, wherefore we must needs say that every good act belongs to a virtue. Now it is evident that to render anyone his due has the aspect of good, since by rendering a person his due, one becomes suitably proportioned to him, through being ordered to him in a becoming manner. But order comes under the aspect of good, just as mode and species, according to Augustine (De Nat. Boni iii). Since then it belongs to religion to pay due honor to someone, namely, to God, it is evident that religion is a virtue. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod revereri Deum est actus doni timoris. Ad religionem autem pertinet facere aliqua propter divinam reverentiam. Unde non sequitur quod religio sit idem quod donum timoris, sed quod ordinetur ad ipsum sicut ad aliquid principalius. Sunt enim dona principaliora virtutibus moralibus, ut supra habitum est. Reply Obj. 1: To pay reverence to God is an act of the gift of fear. Now it belongs to religion to do certain things through reverence for God. Hence it follows, not that religion is the same as the gift of fear, but that it is referred thereto as to something more excellent; for the gifts are more excellent than the moral virtues, as stated above (Q. 9, A. 1, ad 3; I-II, Q. 68, A. 8). Ad secundum dicendum quod etiam servus potest voluntarie domino suo exhibere quod debet, et sic facit de necessitate virtutem, debitum voluntarie reddens. Et similiter etiam exhibere Deo debitam servitutem potest esse actus virtutis, secundum quod homo voluntarie hoc facit. Reply Obj. 2: Even a slave can voluntarily do his duty by his master, and so he makes a virtue of necessity, by doing his duty voluntarily. In like manner, to render due service to God may be an act of virtue, insofar as man does so voluntarily. Ad tertium dicendum quod de dictamine rationis naturalis est quod homo aliqua faciat ad reverentiam divinam, sed quod haec determinate faciat vel illa, istud non est de dictamine rationis naturalis, sed de institutione iuris divini vel humani. Reply Obj. 3: It belongs to the dictate of natural reason that man should do something through reverence for God. But that he should do this or that determinate thing does not belong to the dictate of natural reason, but is established by Divine or human law. Articulus 3 Article 3 Utrum religio sit una virtus Whether religion is one virtue? Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non sit una virtus. Per religionem enim ordinamur ad Deum, ut dictum est. In Deo autem est accipere tres personas, et iterum multa attributa, quae saltem ratione differunt. Diversa autem ratio obiecti sufficit ad diversificandum virtutes, ut ex supradictis patet. Ergo religio non est una virtus. Objection 1: It would seem that religion is not one virtue. Religion directs us to God, as stated above (A. 1). Now in God there are three Persons; and also many attributes, which differ at least logically from one another. Now a logical difference in the object suffices for a difference of virtue, as stated above (Q. 50, A. 2, ad 2). Therefore religion is not one virtue. Praeterea, unius virtutis unus videtur esse actus, habitus enim distinguuntur secundum actus. Religionis autem multi sunt actus, sicut colere et servire, vovere, orare, sacrificare, et multa huiusmodi. Ergo religio non est una virtus. Obj. 2: Further, of one virtue there is seemingly one act, since habits are distinguished by their acts. Now there are many acts of religion, for instance to worship, to serve, to vow, to pray, to sacrifice and many such like. Therefore religion is not one virtue. Praeterea, adoratio ad religionem pertinet. Sed adoratio alia ratione adhibetur imaginibus, et alia ipsi Deo. Cum ergo diversa ratio distinguat virtutes, videtur quod religio non sit una virtus. Obj. 3: Further, adoration belongs to religion. Now adoration is paid to images under one aspect, and under another aspect to God Himself. Since, then, a difference of aspect distinguishes virtues, it would seem that religion is not one virtue. Sed contra est quod dicitur Ephes. IV, unus Deus, una fides. Sed vera religio protestatur fidem unius Dei. Ergo religio est una virtus. On the contrary, It is written (Eph 4:5): One God, one faith. Now true religion professes faith in one God. Therefore religion is one virtue. Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, habitus distinguuntur secundum diversam rationem obiecti. Ad religionem autem pertinet exhibere reverentiam uni Deo secundum unam rationem, inquantum scilicet est primum principium creationis et gubernationis rerum, unde ipse dicit, Malach. I, si ego pater, ubi honor meus? Patris enim est et producere et gubernare. Et ideo manifestum est quod religio est una virtus. I answer that, As stated above (I-II, Q. 54, A. 2, ad 1), habits are differentiated according to a different aspect of the object. Now it belongs to religion to show reverence to one God under one aspect, namely, as the first principle of the creation and government of things. Wherefore He Himself says (Mal 1:6): If . . . I be a father, where is My honor? For it belongs to a father to beget and to govern. Therefore it is evident that religion is one virtue. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod tres personae divinae sunt unum principium creationis et gubernationis rerum, et ideo eis una religione servitur. Diversae autem rationes attributorum concurrunt ad rationem primi principii, quia Deus producit omnia et gubernat sapientia, voluntate et potentia bonitatis suae. Et ideo religio est una virtus. Reply Obj. 1: The three Divine Persons are the one principle of the creation and government of things, wherefore they are served by one religion. The different aspects of the attributes concur under the aspect of first principle, because God produces all things, and governs them by the wisdom, will and power of His goodness. Wherefore religion is one virtue. Ad secundum dicendum quod eodem actu homo servit Deo et colit ipsum, nam cultus respicit Dei excellentiam, cui reverentia debetur; servitus autem respicit subiectionem hominis, qui ex sua conditione obligatur ad exhibendum reverentiam Deo. Et ad haec duo pertinent omnes actus qui religioni attribuuntur, quia per omnes homo protestatur divinam excellentiam et subiectionem sui ad Deum, vel exhibendo aliquid ei, vel iterum assumendo aliquid divinum. Reply Obj. 2: By the one same act man both serves and worships God, for worship regards the excellence of God, to Whom reverence is due: while service regards the subjection of man who, by his condition, is under an obligation of showing reverence to God. To these two belong all acts ascribed to religion, because, by them all, man bears witness to the Divine excellence and to his own subjection to God, either by offering something to God, or by assuming something Divine. Ad tertium dicendum quod imaginibus non exhibetur religionis cultus secundum quod in seipsis considerantur, quasi res quaedam, sed secundum quod sunt imagines ducentes in Deum incarnatum. Motus autem qui est in imaginem prout est imago, non sistit in ipsa, sed tendit in id cuius est imago. Et ideo ex hoc quod imaginibus Christi exhibetur religionis cultus, non diversificatur ratio latriae, nec virtus religionis. Reply Obj. 3: The worship of religion is paid to images, not as considered in themselves, nor as things, but as images leading us to God incarnate. Now movement to an image as image does not stop at the image, but goes on to the thing it represents. Hence neither latria nor the virtue of religion is differentiated by the fact that religious worship is paid to the images of Christ. Articulus 4 Article 4 Utrum religio sit specialis virtus ab aliis distincta Whether religion is a special virtue, distinct from the others? Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio non sit specialis virtus ab aliis distincta. Dicit enim Augustinus, X de Civ. Dei, verum sacrificium est omne opus quod geritur ut sancta societate Deo iungamur. Sed sacrificium pertinet ad religionem. Ergo omne opus virtutis ad religionem pertinet. Et sic non est specialis virtus. Objection 1: It would seem that religion is not a special virtue distinct from the others. Augustine says (De Civ. Dei x, 6): Any action whereby we are united to God in holy fellowship, is a true sacrifice. But sacrifice belongs to religion. Therefore every virtuous deed belongs to religion; and consequently religion is not a special virtue. Praeterea, apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. X, omnia in gloriam Dei facite. Sed ad religionem pertinet aliqua facere ad Dei reverentiam, ut supra dictum est. Ergo religio non est specialis virtus. Obj. 2: Further, the Apostle says (1 Cor 10:31): Do all to the glory of God. Now it belongs to religion to do anything in reverence of God, as stated above (A. 1, ad 2; A. 2). Therefore religion is not a special virtue. Praeterea, caritas qua diligitur Deus non est virtus distincta a caritate qua diligitur proximus. Sed sicut dicitur in VIII Ethic., honorari propinquum est ei quod est amari. Ergo religio, qua honoratur Deus, non est virtus specialiter distincta ab observantia vel dulia vel pietate, quibus honoratur proximus. Ergo non est virtus specialis. Obj. 3: Further, the charity whereby we love God is not distinct from the charity whereby we love our neighbor. But according to Ethic. viii, 8 to be honored is almost to be loved. Therefore the religion whereby we honor God is not a special virtue distinct from observance, or dulia, or piety whereby we honor our neighbor. Therefore religion is not a special virtue. Sed contra est quod ponitur pars iustitiae ab aliis eius partibus distincta. On the contrary, It is reckoned a part of justice, distinct from the other parts. Respondeo dicendum quod cum virtus ordinetur ad bonum, ubi est specialis ratio boni, ibi oportet esse specialem virtutem. Bonum autem ad quod ordinatur religio est exhibere Deo debitum honorem. Honor autem debetur alicui ratione excellentiae. Deo autem competit singularis excellentia, inquantum omnia in infinitum transcendit secundum omnimodum excessum. Unde ei debetur specialis honor, sicut in rebus humanis videmus quod diversis excellentiis personarum diversus honor debetur, alius quidem patri, alius regi, et sic de aliis. Unde manifestum est quod religio est specialis virtus. I answer that, Since virtue is directed to the good, wherever there is a special aspect of good, there must be a special virtue. Now the good to which religion is directed, is to give due honor to God. Again, honor is due to someone under the aspect of excellence: and to God a singular excellence is competent, since He infinitely surpasses all things and exceeds them in every way. Wherefore to Him is special honor due: even as in human affairs we see that different honor is due to different personal excellences, one kind of honor to a father, another to the king, and so on. Hence it is evident that religion is a special virtue. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod omne opus virtutis dicitur esse sacrificium inquantum ordinatur ad Dei reverentiam. Unde ex hoc non habetur quod religio sit generalis virtus, sed quod imperet omnibus aliis virtutibus, sicut supra dictum est. Reply Obj. 1: Every virtuous deed is said to be a sacrifice, insofar as it is done out of reverence of God. Hence this does not prove that religion is a general virtue, but that it commands all other virtues, as stated above (A. 1, ad 1). Ad secundum dicendum quod omnia, secundum quod in gloriam Dei fiunt, pertinent ad religionem non quasi ad elicientem, sed quasi ad imperantem. Illa autem pertinent ad religionem elicientem quae secundum rationem suae speciei pertinent ad reverentiam Dei. Reply Obj. 2: Every deed, insofar as it is done in God’s honor, belongs to religion, not as eliciting but as commanding: those belong to religion as eliciting which pertain to the reverence of God by reason of their specific character. Ad tertium dicendum quod obiectum amoris est bonum, obiectum autem honoris vel reverentiae est aliquid excellens. Bonitas autem Dei communicatur creaturae, non autem excellentia bonitatis eius. Et ideo caritas qua diligitur Deus non est virtus distincta a caritate qua diligitur proximus, religio autem, qua honoratur Deus, distinguitur a virtutibus quibus honoratur proximus. Reply Obj. 3: The object of love is the good, but the object of honor and reverence is something excellent. Now God’s goodness is communicated to the creature, but the excellence of His goodness is not. Hence the charity whereby God is loved is not distinct from the charity whereby our neighbor is loved; whereas the religion whereby God is honored, is distinct from the virtues whereby we honor our neighbor. Articulus 5 Article 5 Utrum religio sit virtus theologica Whether religion is a theological virtue? Ad quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod religio sit virtus theologica. Dicit enim Augustinus, in Enchirid., quod Deus colitur fide, spe et caritate, quae sunt virtutes theologicae. Sed cultum Deo afferre pertinet ad religionem. Ergo religio est virtus theologica. Objection 1: It would seem that religion is a theological virtue. Augustine says (Enchiridion iii) that God is worshiped by faith, hope and charity, which are theological virtues. Now it belongs to religion to pay worship to God. Therefore religion is a theological virtue. Praeterea, virtus theologica dicitur quae habet Deum pro obiecto. Religio autem habet Deum pro obiecto, quia ad solum Deum ordinat, ut dictum est. Ergo religio est virtus theologica. Obj. 2: Further, a theological virtue is one that has God for its object. Now religion has God for its object, since it directs us to God alone, as stated above (A. 1). Therefore religion is a theological virtue. Praeterea, omnis virtus vel est theologica, vel intellectualis, vel moralis, ut ex supradictis patet. Manifestum est autem quod religio non est virtus intellectualis, quia eius perfectio non attenditur secundum considerationem veri. Similiter etiam non est virtus moralis, cuius proprium est tenere medium inter superfluum et diminutum, non enim aliquis potest superflue Deum colere, secundum illud Eccli. XLIII, benedicentes dominum, exaltate illum quantum potestis, maior enim est omni laude. Ergo relinquitur quod sit virtus theologica. Obj. 3: Further, every virtue is either theological, or intellectual, or moral, as is clear from what has been said (I-II, QQ. 57, 58, 62). Now it is evident that religion is not an intellectual virtue, because its perfection does not depend on the consideration of truth: nor is it a moral virtue, which consists properly in observing the mean between too much and too little, for one cannot worship God too much, according to Ecclus. 43:33, Blessing the Lord, exalt Him as much as you can; for He is above all praise. Therefore it remains that it is a theological virtue. Sed contra est quod ponitur pars iustitiae, quae est virtus moralis. On the contrary, It is reckoned a part of justice which is a moral virtue.