Quaestio 30 Question 30 De Annuntiatione Beatae Virginis The Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Deinde considerandum est de Annuntiatione beatae virginis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. We now have to consider the Blessed Virgin’s Annunciation, concerning which there are four points of inquiry: Primo, utrum conveniens fuerit ei annuntiari quod in ea generandum erat. (1) Whether it was befitting that announcement should be made to her of that which was to be begotten of her? Secundo, per quem erat ei annuntiandum. (2) By whom should this announcement be made? Tertio, per quem modum ei annuntiari debebat. (3) In what manner should this announcement be made? Quarto, de ordine Annuntiationis. (4) Of the order observed in the Annunciation. Articulus 1 Article 1 Utrum fuerit necessarium Beatae Virgini annuntiari quod in ea fiendum erat Whether it was necessary to announce to the Blessed Virgin that which was to be done in her? Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non fuerit necessarium beatae virgini annuntiari quod in ea fiendum erat. Annuntiatio enim ad hoc solum necessarium videbatur ut virginis consensus haberetur. Sed consensus eius non videtur necessarius fuisse, quia conceptus virginis praenuntiatus fuit prophetia praedestinationis quae sine nostro completur arbitrio, ut dicit quaedam Glossa, Matth. I. Non ergo necessarium fuit quod talis Annuntiatio fieret. Objection 1: It would seem that it was unnecessary to announce to the Blessed Virgin that which was to be done in her. For there seems to have been no need of the Annunciation except for the purpose of receiving the Virgin’s consent. But her consent seems to have been unnecessary: because the Virginal Conception was foretold by a prophecy of predestination, which is fulfilled without our consent, as a gloss says on Matt. 1:22. There was no need, therefore, for this Annunciation. Praeterea, beata virgo incarnationis fidem habebat, sine qua nullus esse poterat in statu salutis, quia, ut dicitur Rom. III, iustitia Dei est per fidem Iesu Christi. Sed de eo quod aliquis per certitudinem credit, non indiget ulterius instrui. Ergo beatae virgini non fuit necessarium ut ei incarnatio filii annuntiaretur. Obj. 2: Further, the Blessed Virgin believed in the Incarnation, for to disbelieve therein excludes man from the way of salvation; because, as the Apostle says (Rom 3:22): The justice of God (is) by faith of Jesus Christ. But one needs no further instruction concerning what one believes without doubt. Therefore the Blessed Virgin had no need for the Incarnation of her Son to be announced to her. Praeterea, sicut beata virgo corporaliter Christum concepit, ita quaelibet sancta anima concipit ipsum spiritualiter, unde apostolus dicit, Galat. IV, filioli mei, quos iterum parturio, donec formetur Christus in vobis. Sed illis qui spiritualiter debent ipsum concipere, talis conceptio eis non annuntiatur. Ergo nec beatae virgini fuit annuntiandum quod esset in utero conceptura filium Dei. Obj. 3: Further, just as the Blessed Virgin conceived Christ in her body, so every pious soul conceives Him spiritually. Thus the Apostle says (Gal 4:19): My little children, of whom I am in labor again, until Christ be formed in you. But to those who conceive Him spiritually no announcement is made of this conception. Therefore neither should it have been announced to the Blessed Virgin that she was to conceive the Son of God in her womb. Sed contra est quod habetur Luc. I, quod Angelus dixit ei, ecce, concipies in utero et paries filium. On the contrary, It is related (Luke 1:31) that the angel said to her: Behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and shalt bring forth a son. Respondeo dicendum quod congruum fuit beatae virgini annuntiari quod esset Christum conceptura. Primo quidem, ut servaretur congruus ordo coniunctionis filii Dei ad virginem, ut scilicet prius mens eius de ipso instrueretur quam carne eum conciperet. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de virginitate, beatior Maria est percipiendo fidem Christi, quam concipiendo carnem Christi. Et postea subdit, materna propinquitas nihil Mariae profuisset, nisi felicius Christum corde quam carne gestasset. I answer that, It was reasonable that it should be announced to the Blessed Virgin that she was to conceive Christ. First, in order to maintain a becoming order in the union of the Son of God with the Virgin—namely, that she should be informed in mind concerning Him, before conceiving Him in the flesh. Thus Augustine says (De Sancta Virgin. iii): Mary is more blessed in receiving the faith of Christ, than in conceiving the flesh of Christ; and further on he adds: Her nearness as a Mother would have been of no profit to Mary, had she not borne Christ in her heart after a more blessed manner than in her flesh. Secundo, ut posset esse certior testis huius sacramenti, quando super hoc divinitus erat instructa. Second, that she might be a more certain witness of this mystery, being instructed therein by God. Tertio, ut voluntaria sui obsequii munera Deo offerret, ad quod se promptam obtulit, dicens, ecce ancilla domini. Third, that she might offer to God the free gift of her obedience: which she proved herself right ready to do, saying: Behold the handmaid of the Lord. Quarto, ut ostenderetur esse quoddam spirituale matrimonium inter filium Dei et humanam naturam. Et ideo per Annuntiationem expetebatur consensus virginis loco totius humanae naturae. Fourth, in order to show that there is a certain spiritual wedlock between the Son of God and human nature. Wherefore in the Annunciation the Virgin’s consent was besought in lieu of that of the entire human nature. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod prophetia praedestinationis completur sine nostro arbitrio causante, non tamen sine nostro arbitrio consentiente. Reply Obj. 1: The prophecy of predestination is fulfilled without the causality of our will; not without its consent. Ad secundum dicendum quod beata virgo expressam fidem habebat incarnationis futurae, sed, cum esset humilis, non tam alta de se sapiebat. Et ideo super hoc erat instruenda. Reply Obj. 2: The Blessed Virgin did indeed believe explicitly in the future Incarnation; but, being humble, she did not think such high things of herself. Consequently she required instruction in this matter. Ad tertium dicendum quod spiritualem conceptionem Christi, quae est per fidem, praecedit Annuntiatio quae est per fidei praedicationem, secundum quod fides est ex auditu, ut dicitur Rom. X. Nec tamen propter hoc aliquis pro certo scit se gratiam habere, sed scit veram fidem esse quam accipit. Reply Obj. 3: The spiritual conception of Christ through faith is preceded by the preaching of the faith, for as much as faith is by hearing (Rom 10:17). Yet man does not know for certain thereby that he has grace; but he does know that the faith, which he has received, is true. Articulus 2 Article 2 Utrum Beatae Virgini debuerit annuntiatio fieri per angelum Whether the Annunciation should have been made by an angel to the Blessed Virgin? Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod beatae virgini non debuerit Annuntiatio fieri per Angelum. Supremis enim Angelis fit revelatio immediate a Deo, ut dicit Dionysius, VII cap. Cael. Hier. Sed mater Dei est super omnes Angelos exaltata. Ergo videtur quod immediate a Deo debuerit sibi annuntiari incarnationis mysterium, et non per Angelum. Objection 1: It would seem that the Annunciation should not have been made by an angel to our Blessed Lady. For revelations to the highest angels are made immediately by God, as Dionysius says (Coel. Hier. vii). But the Mother of God is exalted above all the angels. Therefore it seems that the mystery of the Incarnation should have been announced to her by God immediately, and not by an angel. Praeterea, si in hoc oportebat servari communem ordinem, secundum quem divina hominibus per Angelos revelantur, similiter divina ad mulierem per virum deferuntur, unde et apostolus dicit, I Cor. XIV, mulieres in Ecclesiis taceant, et si quid velint discere, domi viros suos interrogent. Ergo videtur quod beatae virgini debuit annuntiari mysterium incarnationis per aliquem virum, praesertim quia Ioseph, vir eius, super hoc fuit ab Angelo instructus, ut legitur Matth. I. Obj. 2: Further, if in this matter it behooved the common order to be observed, by which Divine things are announced to men by angels; in like manner Divine things are announced to a woman by a man: wherefore the Apostle says (1 Cor 14:34, 35): Let women keep silence in the churches . . . but if they would learn anything, let them ask their husbands at home. Therefore it seems that the mystery of the Incarnation should have been announced to the Blessed Virgin by some man: especially seeing that Joseph, her husband, was instructed thereupon by an angel, as is related (Matt 1:20, 21). Praeterea, nullus potest congrue annuntiare quod ignorat. Sed supremi Angeli non plene cognoverunt incarnationis mysterium, unde Dionysius VII cap. Cael. Hier., ex eorum persona dicit esse intelligendam quaestionem quae ponitur Isaiae LXIII, quis est iste qui venit de Edom? Ergo videtur quod per nullum Angelum potuit convenienter Annuntiatio incarnationis fieri. Obj. 3: Further, none can becomingly announce what he knows not. But the highest angels did not fully know the mystery of the Incarnation: wherefore Dionysius says (Coel. Hier. vii) that the question, Who is this that cometh from Edom? (Isa 63:1) is to be understood as made by them. Therefore it seems that the announcement of the Incarnation could not be made becomingly by any angel. Praeterea, maiora sunt per maiores nuntios annuntianda. Sed mysterium incarnationis est maximum inter omnia alia quae per Angelos sunt hominibus annuntiata. Ergo videtur quod, si per aliquem Angelum annuntiari debuit, quod annuntiandum fuit per aliquem de supremo ordine. Sed Gabriel non est de supremo ordine, sed de ordine Archangelorum, qui est penultimus, unde cantat Ecclesia, Gabrielem Archangelum scimus divinitus te esse affatum. Non ergo huiusmodi Annuntiatio per Gabrielem Archangelum convenienter facta est. Obj. 4: Further, greater things should be announced by messengers of greater dignity. But the mystery of the Incarnation is the greatest of all things announced by angels to men. It seems, therefore, if it behooved to be announced by an angel at all, that this should have been done by an angel of the highest order. But Gabriel is not of the highest order, but of the order of archangels, which is the last but one: wherefore the Church sings: We know that the archangel Gabriel brought thee a message from God. Therefore this announcement was not becomingly made by the archangel Gabriel. Sed contra est quod dicitur Luc. I, missus est Gabriel Angelus a Deo, et cetera. On the contrary, It is written (Luke 1:26): The angel Gabriel was sent by God, etc. Respondeo dicendum quod conveniens fuit matri Dei annuntiari per Angelum divinae incarnationis mysterium, propter tria. Primo quidem, ut in hoc etiam servaretur divina ordinatio, secundum quam mediantibus Angelis divina ad homines perveniunt. Unde dicit Dionysius, IV cap. Cael. Hier., quod divinum Iesu benignitatis mysterium Angeli primum edocti sunt, postea per ipsos ad nos cognitionis gratia transivit. Sic igitur divinissimus Gabriel Zachariam quidem docebat prophetam esse futurum ex ipso, Mariam autem, quomodo in ipsa fieret thearchicum ineffabilis Dei formationis mysterium. I answer that, It was fitting for the mystery of the Incarnation to be announced to the Mother of God by an angel, for three reasons. First, that in this also might be maintained the order established by God, by which Divine things are brought to men by means of the angels. Wherefore Dionysius says (Coel. Hier. iv) that the angels were the first to be taught the Divine mystery of the loving kindness of Jesus: afterwards the grace of knowledge was imparted to us through them. Thus, then, the most god-like Gabriel made known to Zachary that a prophet son would be born to him; and, to Mary, how the Divine mystery of the ineffable conception of God would be realized in her. Secundo, hoc fuit conveniens reparationi humanae, quae futura erat per Christum. Unde Beda dicit, in homilia, aptum humanae restaurationis principium ut Angelus a Deo mitteretur ad virginem partu consecrandam divino, quia prima perditionis humanae fuit causa cum serpens a Diabolo mittebatur ad mulierem spiritu superbiae decipiendam. Second, this was becoming to the restoration of human nature which was to be effected by Christ. Wherefore Bede says in a homily (in Annunt.): It was an apt beginning of man’s restoration that an angel should be sent by God to the Virgin who was to be hallowed by the Divine Birth: since the first cause of man’s ruin was through the serpent being sent by the devil to cajole the woman by the spirit of pride. Tertio, quia hoc congruebat virginitati matris Dei. Unde Hieronymus dicit in sermone assumptionis, bene Angelus ad virginem mittitur, quia semper est Angelis cognata virginitas. Profecto in carne praeter carnem vivere non terrena vita est, sed caelestis. Third, because this was becoming to the virginity of the Mother of God. Wherefore Jerome says in a sermon on the Assumption: It is well that an angel be sent to the Virgin; because virginity is ever akin to the angelic nature. Surely to live in the flesh and not according to the flesh is not an earthly but a heavenly life. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod mater Dei superior erat Angelis quantum ad dignitatem ad quam divinitus eligebatur. Sed quantum ad statum praesentis vitae, inferior erat Angelis. Quia etiam ipse Christus, ratione passibilis vitae, modico ab Angelis minoratus est, ut dicitur Heb. II. Sed quia tamen Christus fuit viator et comprehensor, quantum ad cognitionem divinorum non indigebat ab Angelis instrui. Sed mater Dei nondum erat in statu comprehensorum. Et ideo de divino conceptu per Angelos instruenda erat. Reply Obj. 1: The Mother of God was above the angels as regards the dignity to which she was chosen by God. But as regards the present state of life, she was beneath the angels. For even Christ Himself, by reason of His passible life, was made a little lower than the angels, according to Heb. 2:9. But because Christ was both wayfarer and comprehensor, He did not need to be instructed by angels, as regards knowledge of Divine things. The Mother of God, however, was not yet in the state of comprehension: and therefore she had to be instructed by angels concerning the Divine Conception. Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in sermone de assumptione, beata virgo Maria vera existimatione ab aliquibus generalibus excipitur. Quia nec conceptus multiplicavit, nec sub viri, idest mariti, potestate fuit, quae integerrimis visceribus de spiritu sancto Christum suscepit. Et ideo non debuit mediante viro instrui de mysterio incarnationis, sed mediante Angelo. Propter quod etiam ipsa prius est instructa quam Ioseph, nam ipsa instructa est ante conceptum, Ioseph autem post eius conceptum. Reply Obj. 2: As Augustine says in a sermon on the Assumption (De Assump. B.V.M.) a true estimation of the Blessed Virgin excludes her from certain general rules. For neither did she ‘multiply her conceptions’ nor was she ‘under man’s, i.e., her husband’s,’ power (Gen 3:16), who in her spotless womb conceived Christ of the Holy Spirit. Therefore it was fitting that she should be informed of the mystery of the Incarnation by means not of a man, but of an angel. For this reason it was made known to her before Joseph: since the message was brought to her before she conceived, but to Joseph after she had conceived. Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut patet ex auctoritate Dionysii inducta, Angeli incarnationis mysterium cognoverunt, sed tamen interrogant, perfectius scire cupientes a Christo huius mysterii rationes, quae sunt incomprehensibiles omni creato intellectui. Unde maximus dicit quod utrum Angeli cognoverint futuram incarnationem, ambigere non oportet. Latuit autem eos investigabilis domini conceptio, atque modus qualiter totus in genitore, totus manebat in omnibus, nec non et in virginis cellula. Reply Obj. 3: As may be gathered from the passage quoted from Dionysius, the angels were acquainted with the mystery of the Incarnation: and yet they put this question, being desirous that Christ should give them more perfect knowledge of the details of this mystery, which are incomprehensible to any created intellect. Thus Maximus says that there can be no question that the angels knew that the Incarnation was to take place. But it was not given to them to trace the manner of our Lord’s conception, nor how it was that He remained whole in the Father, whole throughout the universe, and was whole in the narrow abode of the Virgin. Ad quartum dicendum quod quidam dicunt Gabrielem fuisse de supremo ordine, propter hoc quod Gregorius dicit, summum Angelum venire dignum fuerat, qui summum omnium nuntiabat. Sed ex hoc non habetur quod fuerit summus inter omnes ordines, sed respectu Angelorum, fuit enim de ordine Archangelorum. Unde et Ecclesia eum Archangelum nominat, et Gregorius ipse dicit, in homilia de centum ovibus, quod Archangeli dicuntur qui summa annuntiant. Satis est ergo credibile quod sit summus in ordine Archangelorum. Et, sicut Gregorius dicit, hoc nomen officio suo congruit, Gabriel enim Dei fortitudo nominatur. Per Dei ergo fortitudinem nuntiandum erat quia virtutum dominus et potens in praelio ad debellandas potestates aereas veniebat. Reply Obj. 4: Some say that Gabriel was of the highest order; because Gregory says (Hom. de Centum Ovibus): It was right that one of the highest angels should come, since his message was most sublime. But this does nat imply that he was of the highest order of all, but in regard to the angels: since he was an archangel. Thus the Church calls him an archangel, and Gregory himself in a homily (De Centum Ovibus 34) says that those are called archangels who announce sublime things. It is therefore sufficiently credible that he was the highest of the archangels. And, as Gregory says (De Centum Ovibus 34), this name agrees with his office: for Gabriel means ‘Power of God.’ This message therefore was fittingly brought by the ‘Power of God,’ because the Lord of hosts and mighty in battle was coming to overcome the powers of the air. Articulus 3 Article 3 Utrum angelus annuntians debuerit virgini apparere visione corporali Whether the angel of the Annunciation should have appeared to the Virgin in a bodily vision?