Articulus 10 Article 10 Utrum pueri Iudaeorum vel aliorum infidelium sint baptizandi, etiam invitis parentibus Whether children of Jews or other unbelievers should be baptized against the will of their parents? Ad decimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod pueri Iudaeorum vel aliorum infidelium sint baptizandi, etiam invitis parentibus. Magis enim debet homini subveniri contra periculum mortis aeternae quam contra periculum mortis temporalis. Sed puero in periculo mortis temporalis existenti est subveniendum, etiam si parentes per malitiam contraniterentur. Ergo multo magis est subveniendum pueris infidelium filiis contra periculum mortis aeternae, etiam invitis parentibus. Objection 1: It seems that children of Jews or other unbelievers should be baptized against the will of their parents. For it is a matter of greater urgency to rescue a man from the danger of eternal death than from the danger of temporal death. But one ought to rescue a child that is threatened by the danger of temporal death, even if its parents through malice try to prevent its being rescued. Therefore much more reason is there for rescuing the children of unbelievers from the danger of eternal death, even against their parents’ will. Praeterea, filii servorum sunt servi, et in potestate dominorum. Sed Iudaei sunt servi regum et principum, et quicumque etiam alii infideles. Ergo absque omni iniuria possunt principes Iudaeorum filios, vel aliorum servorum infidelium, facere baptizari. Obj. 2: The children of slaves are themselves slaves, and in the power of their masters. But Jews and all other unbelievers are the slaves of kings and rulers. Therefore without any injustice rulers can have the children of Jews baptized, as well as those of other slaves who are unbelievers. Praeterea, quilibet homo est magis Dei, a quo habet animam, quam patris carnalis, a quo habet corpus. Non est ergo iniustum si pueri infidelium filii parentibus carnalibus auferantur, et Deo per Baptismum consecrentur. Obj. 3: Further, every man belongs more to God, from Whom he has his soul, than to his carnal father, from whom he has his body. Therefore it is not unjust if the children of unbelievers are taken away from their carnal parents, and consecrated to God by Baptism. Sed contra est quod in decretis, dist. XLV, ex Concilio Toletano, sic dicitur, de Iudaeis praecepit sancta synodus nemini deinceps ad credendum vim inferre, non enim tales inviti salvandi sunt, sed volentes, ut integra sit forma iustitiae. On the contrary, It is written in the Decretals (Dist. xlv), quoting the council of Toledo: In regard to the Jews the holy synod commands that henceforward none of them be forced to believe: for such are not to be saved against their will, but willingly, that their righteousness may be without flaw. Respondeo dicendum quod pueri infidelium filii aut habent usum rationis, aut non habent. Si autem habent, iam, quantum ad ea quae sunt iuris divini vel naturalis, incipiunt suae potestatis esse. Et ideo propria voluntate, invitis parentibus, possunt Baptismum suscipere, sicut et matrimonium contrahere. Et ideo tales licite moneri possunt et induci ad suscipiendum Baptismum. I answer that, The children of unbelievers either have the use of reason or they have not. If they have, then they already begin to control their own actions, in things that are of Divine or natural law. And therefore of their own accord, and against the will of their parents, they can receive Baptism, just as they can contract marriage. Consequently such can lawfully be advised and persuaded to be baptized. Si vero nondum habent usum liberi arbitrii, secundum ius naturale sunt sub cura parentum, quandiu ipsi sibi providere non possunt. Unde etiam et de pueris antiquorum dicitur quod salvabantur in fide parentum. Et ideo contra iustitiam naturalem esset si tales pueri, invitis parentibus, baptizarentur, sicut etiam si aliquis habens usum rationis baptizaretur invitus. Esset etiam periculosum taliter filios infidelium baptizare, quia de facili ad infidelitatem redirent, propter naturalem affectum ad parentes. Et ideo non habet hoc Ecclesiae consuetudo, quod filii infidelium, invitis parentibus, baptizentur. If, however, they have not yet the use of free-will, according to the natural law they are under the care of their parents as long as they cannot look after themselves. For which reason we say that even the children of the ancients were saved through the faith of their parents. Wherefore it would be contrary to natural justice if such children were baptized against their parents’ will; just as it would be if one having the use of reason were baptized against his will. Moreover under the circumstances it would be dangerous to baptize the children of unbelievers; for they would be liable to lapse into unbelief, by reason of their natural affection for their parents. Therefore it is not the custom of the Church to baptize the children of unbelievers against their parents’ will. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod a morte corporali non est aliquis eripiendus contra ordinem iuris civilis, puta, si aliquis a suo iudice condemnetur ad mortem, nullus debet eum violenter a morte eripere. Unde nec aliquis debet irrumpere ordinem iuris naturae, quo filius est sub cura patris, ut eum liberet a periculo mortis aeternae. Reply Obj. 1: It is not right to rescue a man from death of the body against the order of civil law: for instance, if a man be condemned to death by the judge who has tried him, none should use force in order to rescue him from death. Consequently, neither should anyone infringe the order of the natural law, in virtue of which a child is under the care of its father, in order to rescue it from the danger of eternal death. Ad secundum dicendum quod Iudaei sunt servi principum servitute civili, quae non excludit ordinem iuris naturalis vel divini. Reply Obj. 2: Jews are slaves of rulers by civil slavery, which does not exclude the order of the natural and Divine law. Ad tertium dicendum quod homo ordinatur ad Deum per rationem, per quam Deum cognoscere potest. Unde puer, antequam usum rationis habeat, naturali ordine ordinatur in Deum per rationem parentum, quorum curae naturaliter subiacet, et secundum eorum dispositionem sunt circa ipsum divina agenda. Reply Obj. 3: Man is ordained unto God through his reason, by which he can know God. Wherefore a child, before it has the use of reason, is ordained to God, by a natural order, through the reason of its parents, under whose care it naturally lies, and it is according to their ordering that things pertaining to God are to be done in respect of the child. Articulus 11 Article 11 Utrum in maternis uteris existentes possint baptizari Whether a child can be baptized while yet in its mother’s womb? Ad undecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in maternis uteris existentes possint baptizari. Efficacius est enim donum Christi ad salutem quam peccatum Adae ad damnationem, ut apostolus dicit, Rom. V. Sed pueri in maternis uteris existentes damnantur propter peccatum Adae. Ergo multo magis salvari possunt per donum Christi. Quod quidem fit per Baptismum. Ergo pueri in maternis uteris existentes possunt baptizari. Objection 1: It seems that a child can be baptized while yet in its mother’s womb. For the gift of Christ is more efficacious unto salvation than Adam’s sin unto condemnation, as the Apostle says (Rom 5:15). But a child while yet in its mother’s womb is under sentence of condemnation on account of Adam’s sin. For much more reason, therefore, can it be saved through the gift of Christ, which is bestowed by means of Baptism. Therefore a child can be baptized while yet in its mother’s womb. Praeterea, puer in utero matris existens aliquid matris esse videtur. Sed, baptizata matre, baptizatur quidquid est eius intra ipsam existens. Ergo videtur quod, baptizata matre, baptizetur puer in utero eius existens. Obj. 2: Further, a child, while yet in its mother’s womb, seems to be part of its mother. Now, when the mother is baptized, whatever is in her and part of her, is baptized. Therefore it seems that when the mother is baptized, the child in her womb is baptized. Praeterea, mors aeterna peior est quam mors corporalis. Sed de duobus malis minus malum eligendum est. Si ergo puer in utero matris existens baptizari non potest, melius esset quod mater aperiretur et puer vi eductus baptizaretur, quam quod puer aeternaliter damnaretur, absque Baptismo decedens. Obj. 3: Further, eternal death is a greater evil than death of the body. But of two evils the less should be chosen. If, therefore, the child in the mother’s womb cannot be baptized, it would be better for the mother to be opened, and the child to be taken out by force and baptized, than that the child should be eternally damned through dying without Baptism. Praeterea, contingit quandoque quod aliqua pars pueri prius egreditur, sicut legitur Gen. XXXVIII quod, pariente Thamar, in ipsa effusione infantium, unus protulit manum, in qua obstetrix ligavit coccinum, dicens, iste egredietur prior. Illo vero manum retrahente, egressus est alter. Quandoque autem in tali casu imminet periculum mortis. Ergo videtur quod illa pars debeat baptizari, puero adhuc in materno utero existente. Obj. 4: Further, it happens at times that some part of the child comes forth first, as we read in Gen. 38:27: In the very delivery of the infants, one put forth a hand, whereon the midwife tied a scarlet thread, saying: This shall come forth the first. But he drawing back his hand, the other came forth. Now sometimes in such cases there is danger of death. Therefore it seems that that part should be baptized, while the child is yet in its mother’s womb. Sed contra est quod Augustinus, in epistola ad Dardanum, dicit, nemo renascitur nisi primo nascatur. Sed Baptismus est quaedam spiritualis regeneratio. Non ergo debet aliquis baptizari priusquam ex utero nascatur. On the contrary, Augustine says (Ep. ad Dardan.): No one can be born a second time unless he be born first. But Baptism is a spiritual regeneration. Therefore no one should be baptized before he is born from the womb. Respondeo dicendum quod de necessitate Baptismi est quod corpus baptizandi aliquo modo aqua abluatur, cum Baptismus sit quaedam ablutio, ut supra dictum est. Corpus autem infantis, antequam nascatur ex utero, non potest aliquo modo ablui aqua, nisi forte dicatur quod ablutio baptismalis qua corpus matris lavatur, ad filium in ventre existentem perveniat. Sed hoc non potest esse, tum quia anima pueri, ad cuius sanctificationem ordinatur Baptismus, distincta est ab anima matris; tum quia corpus puerperii animati iam est formatum, et per consequens a corpore matris distinctum. Et ideo Baptismus quo mater baptizatur, non redundat in prolem in utero existentem. Unde Augustinus dicit, contra Iulianum, si ad matris corpus id quod in ea concipitur pertinet, ita ut eius pars imputetur, non baptizaretur infans cuius mater baptizata est, aliquo mortis urgente periculo, cum gestaret in utero. Nunc vero, cum etiam ipse, scilicet infans, baptizetur, non utique ad maternum corpus, cum esset in utero, pertinebat. Et ita relinquitur quod nullo modo existentes in maternis uteris baptizari possunt. I answer that, It is essential to Baptism that some part of the body of the person baptized be in some way washed with water, since Baptism is a kind of washing, as stated above (Q. 66, A. 1). But an infant’s body, before being born from the womb, can nowise be washed with water; unless perchance it be said that the baptismal water, with which the mother’s body is washed, reaches the child while yet in its mother’s womb. But this is impossible: both because the child’s soul, to the sanctification of which Baptism is ordained, is distinct from the soul of the mother; and because the body of the animated infant is already formed, and consequently distinct from the body of the mother. Therefore the Baptism which the mother receives does not overflow on to the child which is in her womb. Hence Augustine says (Cont. Julian. vi): If what is conceived within a mother belonged to her body, so as to be considered a part thereof, we should not baptize an infant whose mother, through danger of death, was baptized while she bore it in her womb. Since, then, it, i.e., the infant, is baptized, it certainly did not belong to the mother’s body while it was in the womb. It follows, therefore, that a child can nowise be baptized while in its mother’s womb. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod pueri in maternis uteris existentes nondum prodierunt in lucem, ut cum aliis hominibus vitam ducant. Unde non possunt subiici actioni humanae, ut per eorum ministerium sacramenta recipiant ad salutem. Possunt tamen subiici operationi Dei, apud quem vivunt, ut quodam privilegio gratiae sanctificationem consequantur, sicut patet de sanctificatis in utero. Reply Obj. 1: Children while in the mother’s womb have not yet come forth into the world to live among other men. Consequently they cannot be subject to the action of man, so as to receive the sacrament, at the hands of man, unto salvation. They can, however, be subject to the action of God, in Whose sight they live, so as, by a kind of privilege, to receive the grace of sanctification; as was the case with those who were sanctified in the womb. Ad secundum dicendum quod membrum interius matris est aliquid eius per continuationem et unionem materialis partis ad totum. Puer autem in utero matris existens est aliquid eius per quandam colligationem corporum distinctorum. Unde non est similis ratio. Reply Obj. 2: An internal member of the mother is something of hers by continuity and material union of the part with the whole: whereas a child while in its mother’s womb is something of hers through being joined with, and yet distinct from her. Wherefore there is no comparison. Ad tertium dicendum quod non sunt facienda mala ut veniant bona, ut dicitur Rom. III. Et ideo non debet homo occidere matrem ut baptizet puerum. Si tamen mater mortua fuerit vivente puero in utero, aperiri debet, ut puer baptizetur. Reply Obj. 3: We should not do evil that there may come good (Rom 3:8). Therefore it is wrong to kill a mother that her child may be baptized. If, however, the mother die while the child lives yet in her womb, she should be opened that the child may be baptized. Ad quartum dicendum quod expectanda est totalis egressio pueri ex utero ad Baptismum, nisi mors immineat. Si tamen primo caput egrediatur, in quo fundatur sensus, debet baptizari, periculo imminente, et non est postea rebaptizandus, si eum perfecte nasci contigerit. Et videtur idem faciendum quaecumque alia pars egrediatur, periculo imminente. Quia tamen in nulla partium exteriorum integritas ita consistit sicut in capite, videtur quibusdam quod, propter dubium, quacumque alia parte corporis abluta, puer post perfectam nativitatem sit baptizandus sub hac forma, si non es baptizatus, ego te baptizo, et cetera. Reply Obj. 4: Unless death be imminent, we should wait until the child has entirely come forth from the womb before baptizing it. If, however, the head, wherein the senses are rooted, appear first, it should be baptized, in cases of danger: nor should it be baptized again, if perfect birth should ensue. And seemingly the same should be done in cases of danger no matter what part of the body appear first. But as none of the exterior parts of the body belong to its integrity in the same degree as the head, some hold that since the matter is doubtful, whenever any other part of the body has been baptized, the child, when perfect birth has taken place, should be baptized with the form: If thou art not baptized, I baptize thee, etc. Articulus 12 Article 12 Utrum furiosi et amentes debeant baptizari Whether madmen and imbeciles should be baptized? Ad duodecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod furiosi et amentes non debeant baptizari. Ad susceptionem enim Baptismi requiritur intentio in eo qui baptizatur, ut supra dictum est. Sed furiosi et amentes, cum careant usu rationis, non possunt habere nisi inordinatam intentionem. Ergo non debent baptizari. Objection 1: It seems that madmen and imbeciles should not be baptized. For in order to receive Baptism, the person baptized must have the intention, as stated above (A. 7). But since madmen and imbeciles lack the use of reason, they can have but a disorderly intention. Therefore they should not be baptized. Praeterea, homo bruta animalia superexcedit in hoc quod habet rationem. Sed furiosi et amentes non habent usum rationis, et quandoque etiam in eis non expectatur, sicut expectatur in pueris. Ergo videtur quod, sicut bruta animalia non baptizantur, ita etiam nec tales furiosi et amentes debeant baptizari. Obj. 2: Further, man excels irrational animals in that he has reason. But madmen and imbeciles lack the use of reason, indeed in some cases we do not expect them ever to have it, as we do in the case of children. It seems, therefore, that just as irrational animals are not baptized, so neither should madmen and imbeciles in those cases be baptized. Praeterea, magis ligatus est usus rationis in furiosis vel amentibus quam in dormientibus. Sed Baptismus non consuevit dari dormientibus. Ergo non debet dari amentibus et furiosis. Obj. 3: Further, the use of reason is suspended in madmen and imbeciles more than it is in one who sleeps. But it is not customary to baptize people while they sleep. Therefore it should not be given to madmen and imbeciles. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, IV Confess., de amico suo, qui, cum desperaretur, baptizatus est. Et tamen in ipso Baptismus efficaciam habuit. Unde et carentibus usu rationis aliquando Baptismus dari debet. On the contrary, Augustine says (Confess. iv) of his friend that he was baptized when his recovery was despaired of: and yet Baptism was efficacious with him. Therefore Baptism should sometimes be given to those who lack the use of reason. Respondeo dicendum quod circa amentes et furiosos est distinguendum. Quidam enim sunt a nativitate tales, nulla habentes lucida intervalla, in quibus etiam nullus usus rationis apparet. Et de talibus, quantum ad Baptismi susceptionem, videtur esse idem iudicium et de pueris, qui baptizantur in fide Ecclesiae, ut supra dictum est. I answer that, In the matter of madmen and imbeciles a distinction is to be made. For some are so from birth, and have no lucid intervals, and show no signs of the use of reason. And with regard to these it seems that we should come to the same decision as with regard to children who are baptized in the Faith of the Church, as stated above (A. 9, ad 2). Alii vero sunt amentes qui ex sana mente quam habuerunt prius, in amentiam inciderunt. Et tales sunt iudicandi secundum voluntatem quam habuerunt dum sanae mentis existerent. Et ideo, si tunc apparuit in eis voluntas suscipiendi Baptismum, debet exhiberi eis in furia vel amentia constitutis, etiam si tunc contradicant. Alioquin, si nulla voluntas suscipiendi Baptismum in eis apparuit dum sanae mentis essent, non sunt baptizandi. But there are others who have fallen from a state of sanity into a state of insanity. And with regard to these we must be guided by their wishes as expressed by them when sane: so that, if then they manifested a desire to receive Baptism, it should be given to them when in a state of madness or imbecility, even though then they refuse. If, on the other hand, while sane they showed no desire to receive Baptism, they must not be baptized. Quidam vero sunt qui, etsi a nativitate fuerint furiosi et amentes, habent tamen aliqua lucida intervalla, in quibus recta ratione uti possunt. Unde, si tunc baptizari voluerint, baptizari possunt etiam in amentia constituti. Et debet eis sacramentum tunc conferri si periculum timeatur, alioquin melius est ut tempus expectetur in quo sint sanae mentis ad hoc quod devotius suscipiant sacramentum. Si autem tempore lucidi intervalli non appareat in eis voluntas Baptismum suscipiendi, baptizari non debent in amentia constituti. Again, there are some who, though mad or imbecile from birth, have, nevertheless, lucid intervals, in which they can make right use of reason. Wherefore, if then they express a desire for Baptism, they can be baptized though they be actually in a state of madness. And in this case the sacrament should be bestowed on them if there be fear of danger otherwise it is better to wait until the time when they are sane, so that they may receive the sacrament more devoutly. But if during the interval of lucidity they manifest no desire to receive Baptism, they should not be baptized while in a state of insanity. Quidam vero sunt qui, etsi non omnino sanae mentis existant, in tantum tamen ratione utuntur quod possunt de sua salute cogitare, et intelligere sacramenti virtutem. Et de talibus idem est iudicium sicut de his qui sanae mentis existunt, qui baptizantur volentes, non inviti. Lastly there are others who, though not altogether sane, yet can use their reason so far as to think about their salvation, and understand the power of the sacrament. And these are to be treated the same as those who are sane, and who are baptized if they be willing, but not against their will. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod amentes qui nunquam habuerunt nec habent usum rationis, baptizantur ex intentione Ecclesiae, sicut ex ritu Ecclesiae credunt et poenitent, sicut supra de pueris dictum est. Illi vero qui aliquo tempore habuerunt vel habent usum rationis, secundum propriam intentionem baptizantur, quam habent vel habuerunt tempore sanae mentis. Reply Obj. 1: Imbeciles who never had, and have not now, the use of reason, are baptized, according to the Church’s intention, just as according to the Church’s ritual, they believe and repent; as we have stated above of children (A. 9, ad Obj.). But those who have had the use of reason at some time, or have now, are baptized according to their own intention, which they have now, or had when they were sane. Ad secundum dicendum quod furiosi vel amentes carent usu rationis per accidens, scilicet propter aliquod impedimentum organi corporalis, non autem propter defectum animae rationalis, sicut bruta animalia. Unde non est de eis similis ratio. Reply Obj. 2: Madmen and imbeciles lack the use of reason accidentally, i.e., through some impediment in a bodily organ; but not like irrational animals through want of a rational soul. Consequently the comparison does not hold. Ad tertium dicendum quod dormientes non sunt baptizandi nisi periculum mortis immineat. In quo casu baptizari debent si prius voluntas apparuit in eis suscipiendi Baptismum, sicut et de amentibus dictum est, sicut Augustinus narrat, in IV libro Confess., de amico suo, qui baptizatus est nesciens, propter periculum mortis. Reply Obj. 3: A person should not be baptized while asleep, except he be threatened with the danger of death. In which case he should be baptized, if previously he has manifested a desire to receive Baptism, as we have stated in reference to imbeciles: thus Augustine relates of his friend that he was baptized while unconscious, because he was in danger of death (Confess. iv).