Ad secundum dicendum quod nullus pervenit ad vitam aeternam nisi absolutus ab omni culpa et reatu poenae. Quae quidem universalis absolutio fit in perceptione Baptismi, et in martyrio, propter quod dicitur quod in martyrio omnia sacramenta Baptismi complentur, scilicet quantum ad plenam liberationem a culpa et poena. Si quis ergo catechumenus sit habens desiderium Baptismi (quia aliter in bonis operibus non moreretur, quae non possunt esse sine fide per dilectionem operante), talis decedens non statim pervenit ad vitam aeternam, sed patietur poenam pro peccatis praeteritis, ipse tamen salvus erit sic quasi per ignem, ut dicitur I Cor. III. Reply Obj. 2: No man obtains eternal life unless he be free from all guilt and debt of punishment. Now this plenary absolution is given when a man receives Baptism, or suffers martyrdom: for which reason is it stated that martyrdom contains all the sacramental virtue of Baptism, i.e., as to the full deliverance from guilt and punishment. Suppose, therefore, a catechumen to have the desire for Baptism (else he could not be said to die in his good works, which cannot be without faith that worketh by charity), such a one, were he to die, would not forthwith come to eternal life, but would suffer punishment for his past sins, but he himself shall be saved, yet so as by fire as is stated 1 Cor. 3:15. Ad tertium dicendum quod pro tanto dicitur sacramentum Baptismi esse de necessitate salutis, quia non potest esse hominis salus nisi saltem in voluntate habeatur, quae apud Deum reputatur pro facto. Reply Obj. 3: The sacrament of Baptism is said to be necessary for salvation in so far as man cannot be saved without, at least, Baptism of desire; which, with God, counts for the deed (Augustine, Enarr. in Ps. 57). Articulus 3 Article 3 Utrum Baptismus sit differendus Whether Baptism should be deferred? Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod Baptismus sit differendus. Dicit enim Leo Papa, duo tempora, idest Pascha et Pentecoste, ad baptizandum a Romano pontifice legitima praefixa sunt. Unde dilectionem vestram monemus ut nullos alios dies huic observationi misceatis. Videtur ergo quod oporteat non statim aliquos baptizari, sed usque ad praedicta tempora Baptismum differri. Objection 1: It seems that Baptism should be deferred. For Pope Leo says (Epist. xvi): Two seasons, i.e., Easter and Whitsuntide, are fixed by the Roman Pontiff for the celebration of Baptism. Wherefore we admonish your Beatitude not to add any other days to this custom. Therefore it seems that Baptism should be conferred not at once, but delayed until the aforesaid seasons. Praeterea, in Concilio Agathensi legitur, Iudaei, quorum perfidia frequenter ad vomitum redit, si ad leges Catholicas venire voluerint, octo menses inter catechumenos Ecclesiae limen introeant, et, si pura fide venire noscantur, tunc demum Baptismi gratiam mereantur. Non ergo statim sunt homines baptizandi, sed usque ad certum tempus est differendum Baptisma. Obj. 2: Further, we read in the decrees of the Council of Agde (Can. xxxiv): If Jews whose bad faith often ‘returns to the vomit,’ wish to submit to the Law of the Catholic Church, let them for eight months enter the porch of the church with the catechumens; and if they are found to come in good faith then at last they may deserve the grace of Baptism. Therefore men should not be baptized at once, and Baptism should be deferred for a certain fixed time. Praeterea, sicut dicitur Isaiae XXVII, iste est omnis fructus, ut auferatur peccatum. Sed magis videtur auferri peccatum, vel etiam diminui, si Baptismus differatur. Primo quidem, quia peccantes post Baptismum gravius peccant, secundum illud Heb. X, quanto magis putatis deteriora mereri supplicia qui sanguinem testamenti pollutum duxerit, in quo sanctificatus est, scilicet per Baptismum? Secundo, quia Baptismus tollit peccata praeterita, non autem futura, unde, quanto Baptismus magis differtur, tanto plura peccata tollet. Videtur ergo quod Baptismus debeat diu differri. Obj. 3: Further, as we read in Isa. 27:9, this is all the fruit, that the sin . . . should be taken away. Now sin seems to be taken away, or at any rate lessened, if Baptism be deferred. First, because those who sin after Baptism, sin more grievously, according to Heb. 10:29: How much more, do you think, he deserveth worse punishments, who hath . . . esteemed the blood of the testament, i.e., Baptism, unclean, by which he was sanctified? Second, because Baptism takes away past, but not future, sins: wherefore the more it is deferred, the more sins it takes away. Therefore it seems that Baptism should be deferred for a long time. Sed contra est quod dicitur Eccli. V, ne tardes converti ad dominum, et ne differas de die in diem. Sed perfecta conversio ad Deum est eorum qui regenerantur in Christo per Baptismum. Non ergo Baptismus debet differri de die in diem. On the contrary, It is written (Sir 5:8): Delay not to be converted to the Lord, and defer it not from day to day. But the perfect conversion to God is of those who are regenerated in Christ by Baptism. Therefore Baptism should not be deferred from day to day. Respondeo dicendum quod circa hoc distinguendum est utrum sint baptizandi pueri vel adulti. Si enim pueri sint baptizandi, non est differendum Baptisma. Primo quidem, quia non expectatur in eis maior instructio, aut etiam plenior conversio. Secundo, propter periculum mortis, quia non potest alio remedio subveniri nisi per sacramentum Baptismi. I answer that, In this matter we must make a distinction and see whether those who are to be baptized are children or adults. For if they be children, Baptism should not be deferred. First, because in them we do not look for better instruction or fuller conversion. Second, because of the danger of death, for no other remedy is available for them besides the sacrament of Baptism. Adultis vero subveniri potest per solum Baptismi desiderium, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo adultis non statim cum convertuntur, est sacramentum Baptismi conferendum, sed oportet differre usque ad aliquod certum tempus. Primo quidem, propter cautelam Ecclesiae, ne decipiatur, ficte accedentibus conferens, secundum illud I Ioan. IV, nolite omni spiritui credere, sed probate spiritus si ex Deo sunt. Quae quidem probatio sumitur de accedentibus ad Baptismum, quando per aliquod spatium eorum fides et mores examinantur. Secundo, hoc est necessarium ad utilitatem eorum qui baptizantur, quia aliquo temporis spatio indigent ad hoc quod plene instruantur de fide, et exercitentur in his quae pertinent ad vitam Christianam. Tertio, hoc est necessarium ad quandam reverentiam sacramenti, dum in solemnitatibus praecipuis, scilicet Paschae et Pentecostes, homines ad Baptismum admittuntur, et ita devotius sacramentum suscipiunt. On the other hand, adults have a remedy in the mere desire for Baptism, as stated above (A. 2). And therefore Baptism should not be conferred on adults as soon as they are converted, but it should be deferred until some fixed time. First, as a safeguard to the Church, lest she be deceived through baptizing those who come to her under false pretenses, according to 1 John 4:1: Believe not every spirit, but try the spirits, if they be of God. And those who approach Baptism are put to this test, when their faith and morals are subjected to proof for a space of time. Second, this is needful as being useful for those who are baptized; for they require a certain space of time in order to be fully instructed in the faith, and to be drilled in those things that pertain to the Christian mode of life. Third, a certain reverence for the sacrament demands a delay whereby men are admitted to Baptism at the principal festivities, viz. of Easter and Pentecost, the result being that they receive the sacrament with greater devotion. Haec tamen dilatio est praetermittenda duplici ratione. Primo quidem, quando illi qui sunt baptizandi, apparent perfecte instructi in fide et ad Baptismum idonei, sicut Philippus statim baptizavit eunuchum, ut habetur Act. VIII; et Petrus Cornelium et eos qui cum ipso erant, ut habetur Act. X. Secundo, propter infirmitatem, aut aliquod periculum mortis. Unde Leo Papa dicit, hi qui necessitate mortis, aegritudinis, obsidionis et persecutionis et naufragii, urgentur, omni tempore debent baptizari. Si tamen aliquis praeveniatur morte, articulo necessitatis sacramentum excludente, dum expectat tempus ab Ecclesia institutum, salvatur, licet per ignem, ut supra dictum est. Peccat autem si ultra tempus ab Ecclesia statutum differret accipere Baptismum, nisi ex causa necessaria et licentia praelatorum Ecclesiae. Sed tamen et hoc peccatum cum aliis deleri potest per succedentem contritionem, quae supplet vicem Baptismi, ut supra dictum est. There are, however, two reasons for forgoing this delay. First, when those who are to be baptized appear to be perfectly instructed in the faith and ready for Baptism; thus, Philip baptized the Eunuch at once (Acts 8); and Peter, Cornelius and those who were with him (Acts 10). Second, by reason of sickness or some kind of danger of death. Wherefore Pope Leo says (Epist. xvi): Those who are threatened by death, sickness, siege, persecution, or shipwreck, should be baptized at any time. Yet if a man is forestalled by death, so as to have no time to receive the sacrament, while he awaits the season appointed by the Church, he is saved, yet so as by fire, as stated above (A. 2, ad 2). Nevertheless he sins if he defer being baptized beyond the time appointed by the Church, except this be for an unavoidable cause and with the permission of the authorities of the Church. But even this sin, with his other sins, can be washed away by his subsequent contrition, which takes the place of Baptism, as stated above (Q. 66, A. 11). Ad primum ergo dicendum quod illud mandatum Leonis Papae de observandis duobus temporibus in Baptismo, intelligendum est, excepto tamen periculo mortis (quod semper in pueris est timendum), ut dictum est. Reply Obj. 1: This decree of Pope Leo, concerning the celebration of Baptism at two seasons, is to be understood with the exception of the danger of death (which is always to be feared in children) as stated above. Ad secundum dicendum quod illud de Iudaeis est statutum ad Ecclesiae cautelam, ne simplicium fidem corrumpant, si non fuerint plene conversi. Et tamen, ut ibidem subditur, si infra tempus praescriptum aliquod periculum infirmitatis incurrerint, debent baptizari. Reply Obj. 2: This decree concerning the Jews was for a safeguard to the Church, lest they corrupt the faith of simple people, if they be not fully converted. Nevertheless, as the same passage reads further on, if within the appointed time they are threatened with danger of sickness, they should be baptized. Ad tertium dicendum quod Baptismus per gratiam quam confert non solum removet peccata praeterita, sed etiam impedit peccata futura ne fiant. Hoc autem considerandum est, ut homines non peccent, secundarium est ut levius peccent, vel etiam ut eorum peccata mundentur; secundum illud I Ioan. II, filioli mei, haec scribo vobis ut non peccetis. Sed et si quis peccaverit, advocatum habemus apud patrem Iesum Christum iustum, et ipse est propitiatio pro peccatis nostris. Reply Obj. 3: Baptism, by the grace which it bestows, removes not only past sins, but hinders the commission of future sins. Now this is the point to be considered—that men may not sin: it is a secondary consideration that their sins be less grievous, or that their sins be washed away, according to 1 John 2:1, 2: My little children, these things I write to you, that you may not sin. But if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the just; and He is the propitiation for our sins. Articulus 4 Article 4 Utrum peccatores sint baptizandi Whether sinners should be baptized? Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatores sint baptizandi. Dicitur enim Zach. XIII, in die illa erit fons patens domui David et habitantibus Ierusalem in ablutionem peccatoris et menstruatae, quod quidem intelligitur de fonte baptismali. Ergo videtur quod sacramentum Baptismi sit etiam peccatoribus exhibendum. Objection 1: It seems that sinners should be baptized. For it is written (Zech 13:1): In that day there shall be a fountain open to the House of David, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem: for the washing of the sinner and of the unclean woman: and this is to be understood of the fountain of Baptism. Therefore it seems that the sacrament of Baptism should be offered even to sinners. Praeterea, dominus dicit, Matth. IX, non est opus valentibus medicus, sed male habentibus. Male autem habentes sunt peccatores. Cum igitur spiritualis medici, scilicet Christi, medicina sit Baptismus, videtur quod peccatoribus sacramentum Baptismi sit exhibendum. Obj. 2: Further, our Lord said (Matt 9:12): They that are in health need not a physician, but they that are ill. But they that are ill are sinners. Therefore since Baptism is the remedy of Christ the physician of our souls, it seems that this sacrament should be offered to sinners. Praeterea, nullum subsidium peccatoribus debet subtrahi. Sed peccatores baptizati ex ipso charactere baptismali spiritualiter adiuvantur, cum sit quaedam dispositio ad gratiam. Ergo videtur quod sacramentum Baptismi sit peccatoribus exhibendum. Obj. 3: Further, no assistance should be withdrawn from sinners. But sinners who have been baptized derive spiritual assistance from the very character of Baptism, since it is a disposition to grace. Therefore it seems that the sacrament of Baptism should be offered to sinners. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, qui creavit te sine te, non iustificabit te sine te. Sed peccator, cum habeat voluntatem non dispositam, non cooperatur Deo. Ergo frustra adhibetur sibi Baptismus ad iustificationem. On the contrary, Augustine says (Serm. clxix): He Who created thee without thee, will not justify thee without thee. But since a sinner’s will is ill-disposed, he does not co-operate with God. Therefore it is useless to employ Baptism as a means of justification. Respondeo dicendum quod aliquis potest dici peccator dupliciter. Uno modo, propter maculam et reatum praeteritum. Et sic peccatoribus est sacramentum Baptismi conferendum, quia est ad hoc specialiter institutum ut per ipsum peccatorum sordes mundentur, secundum illud Ephes. V, mundans eam, scilicet Ecclesiam, lavacro aquae in verbo vitae. I answer that, A man may be said to be a sinner in two ways. First, on account of the stain and the debt of punishment incurred in the past: and on sinners in this sense the sacrament of Baptism should be conferred, since it is instituted specially for this purpose, that by it the uncleanness of sin may be washed away, according to Eph. 5:26: Cleansing it by the laver of water in the word of life. Alio modo potest dici aliquis peccator ex voluntate peccandi et proposito persistendi in peccato. Et sic peccatoribus non est sacramentum Baptismi conferendum. Primo quidem, quia per Baptismum homines Christo incorporantur, secundum illud Galat. III, quicumque in Christo baptizati estis, Christum induistis. Quandiu autem aliquis habet voluntatem peccandi, non potest esse Christo coniunctus, secundum illud II Cor. VI, quae participatio iustitiae cum iniquitate? Unde et Augustinus dicit, in libro de poenitentia, quod nullus suae voluntatis arbiter constitutus potest novam vitam inchoare, nisi eum veteris vitae poeniteat. Secundo, quia in operibus Christi et Ecclesiae nihil debet fieri frustra. Frustra autem est quod non pertingit ad finem ad quem est ordinatum. Nullus autem habens voluntatem peccandi simul potest a peccato mundari, ad quod ordinatur Baptismus, quia hoc esset ponere contradictoria esse simul. Tertio, quia in sacramentalibus signis non debet esse aliqua falsitas. Est autem signum falsum cui res significata non respondet. Ex hoc autem quod aliquis lavandum se praebet per Baptismum, significatur quod se disponat ad interiorem ablutionem. Quod non contingit de eo qui habet propositum persistendi in peccato. Unde manifestum est quod talibus sacramentum Baptismi non est conferendum. Second, a man may be called a sinner because he wills to sin and purposes to remain in sin: and on sinners in this sense the sacrament of Baptism should not be conferred. First, indeed, because by Baptism men are incorporated in Christ, according to Gal. 3:27: As many of you as have been baptized in Christ, have put on Christ. Now so long as a man wills to sin, he cannot be united to Christ, according to 2 Cor. 6:14: What participation hath justice with injustice? Wherefore Augustine says in his book on penance (Serm. cccli) that no man who has the use of free-will can begin the new life, except he repent of his former life. Second, because there should be nothing useless in the works of Christ and of the Church. Now that is useless which does not reach the end to which it is ordained; and, on the other hand, no one having the will to sin can, at the same time, be cleansed from sin, which is the purpose of Baptism; for this would be to combine two contradictory things. Third, because there should be no falsehood in the sacramental signs. Now a sign is false if it does not correspond with the thing signified. But the very fact that a man presents himself to be cleansed by Baptism, signifies that he prepares himself for the inward cleansing: while this cannot be the case with one who purposes to remain in sin. Therefore it is manifest that on such a man the sacrament of Baptism is not to be conferred. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod illud verbum est intelligendum de peccatoribus qui habent voluntatem recedendi a peccato. Reply Obj. 1: The words quoted are to be understood of those sinners whose will is set on renouncing sin. Ad secundum dicendum quod spiritualis medicus, scilicet Christus, dupliciter operatur. Uno modo, interius per seipsum, et sic praeparat voluntatem hominis ut bonum velit et malum odiat. Alio modo operatur per ministros, exterius adhibendo sacramenta, et sic operatur perficiendo id quod est exterius inchoatum. Et ideo sacramentum Baptismi non est exhibendum nisi ei in quo interioris conversionis aliquod signum apparet, sicut nec medicina corporalis adhibetur infirmo nisi in eo aliquis motus vitalis appareat. Reply Obj. 2: The physician of souls, i.e., Christ, works in two ways. First, inwardly, by Himself: and thus He prepares man’s will so that it wills good and hates evil. Second, He works through ministers, by the outward application of the sacraments: and in this way His work consists in perfecting what was begun outwardly. Therefore the sacrament of Baptism is not to be conferred save on those in whom there appears some sign of their interior conversion: just as neither is bodily medicine given to a sick man, unless he show some sign of life. Ad tertium dicendum quod Baptismus est fidei sacramentum. Fides autem informis non sufficit ad salutem, nec ipsa est fundamentum, sed sola fides formata, quae per dilectionem operatur, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de fide et operibus. Unde nec sacramentum Baptismi salutem conferre potest cum voluntate peccandi, quae fidei formam excludit. Non autem est per impressionem characteris baptismalis aliquis disponendus ad gratiam, quandiu apparet in eo voluntas peccandi, quia, Deus neminem ad virtutem compellit, sicut Damascenus dicit. Reply Obj. 3: Baptism is the sacrament of faith. Now dead faith does not suffice for salvation; nor is it the foundation, but living faith alone, that worketh by charity (Gal 5:6), as Augustine says (De Fide et oper.). Neither, therefore, can the sacrament of Baptism give salvation to a man whose will is set on sinning, and hence expels the form of faith. Moreover, the impression of the baptismal character cannot dispose a man for grace as long as he retains the will to sin; for God compels no man to be virtuous, as Damascene says (De Fide Orth. ii). Articulus 5 Article 5 Utrum peccatoribus baptizatis sint opera satisfactoria imponenda Whether works of satisfaction should be enjoined on sinners that have been baptized? Ad quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatoribus baptizatis sint opera satisfactoria imponenda. Hoc enim ad iustitiam Dei pertinere videtur, ut pro quolibet peccato aliquis puniatur, secundum illud Eccle. ult., cuncta quae fiunt adducet Deus in iudicium. Sed opera satisfactoria imponuntur peccatoribus in poenam praeteritorum peccatorum. Ergo videtur quod peccatoribus baptizatis sint opera satisfactoria imponenda. Objection 1: It seems that works of satisfaction should be enjoined on sinners that have been baptized. For God’s justice seems to demand that a man should be punished for every sin of his, according to Eccles. 12:14: All things that are done, God will bring into judgment. But works of satisfaction are enjoined on sinners in punishment of past sins. Therefore it seems that works of satisfaction should be enjoined on sinners that have been baptized. Praeterea, per opera satisfactoria exercitantur peccatores de novo conversi ad iustitiam, et subtrahuntur occasiones peccandi, nam satisfacere est peccatorum causas excidere et peccatis aditum non indulgere. Sed hoc maxime necessarium est nuper baptizatis. Ergo videtur quod opera satisfactoria sint baptizatis iniungenda. Obj. 2: Further, by means of works of satisfaction sinners recently converted are drilled into righteousness, and are made to avoid the occasions of sin: for satisfaction consists in extirpating the causes of vice, and closing the doors to sin (De Eccl. Dogm. iv). But this is most necessary in the case of those who have been baptized recently. Therefore it seems that works of satisfaction should be enjoined on sinners. Praeterea, non minus debitum est ut homo Deo satisfaciat quam proximo. Sed nuper baptizatis iniungendum est quod satisfaciant proximis, si eos laeserunt. Ergo etiam est eis iniungendum ut Deo satisfaciant per opera poenitentiae. Obj. 3: Further, man owes satisfaction to God not less than to his neighbor. But if those who were recently baptized have injured their neighbor, they should be told to make reparation to God by works of penance. Sed contra est quod Ambrosius, super Rom. XI, sine poenitentia sunt dona Dei et vocatio, dicit, gratia Dei in Baptismo non requirit gemitum neque planctum, vel etiam opus aliquod, sed solam fidem, et omnia gratis condonat. On the contrary, Ambrose commenting on Rom. 11:29: The gifts and the calling of God are without repentance, says: The grace of God requires neither sighs nor groans in Baptism, nor indeed any work at all, but faith alone; and remits all, gratis. Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut apostolus dicit, Rom. VI, quicumque baptizati sumus in Christo Iesu, in morte ipsius baptizati sumus, consepulti enim sumus ei per Baptismum in mortem, ita scilicet quod homo per Baptismum incorporatur ipsi morti Christi. Manifestum est autem ex supra dictis quod mors Christi satisfactoria fuit sufficienter pro peccatis, non solum nostris, sed etiam totius mundi, ut dicitur I Ioan. II. Et ideo ei qui baptizatur pro quibuscumque peccatis non est aliqua satisfactio iniungenda, hoc autem esset iniuriam facere passioni et morti Christi, quasi ipsa non esset sufficiens ad plenariam satisfactionem pro peccatis baptizandorum. I answer that, As the Apostle says (Rom 6:3, 4), all we who are baptized in Christ Jesus, are baptized in His death: for we are buried together with Him, by Baptism unto death; which is to say that by Baptism man is incorporated in the very death of Christ. Now it is manifest from what has been said above (Q. 48, AA. 2, 4; Q. 49, A. 3) that Christ’s death satisfied sufficiently for sins, not for ours only, but also for those of the whole world, according to 1 John 2:2. Consequently no kind of satisfaction should be enjoined on one who is being baptized, for any sins whatever: and this would be to dishonor the Passion and death of Christ, as being insufficient for the plenary satisfaction for the sins of those who were to be baptized. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Baptismo parvulorum, ad hoc Baptismus valet ut baptizati Christo incorporentur ut membra eius. Unde ipsa poena Christi fuit satisfactoria pro peccatis baptizandorum, sicut et poena unius membri potest esse satisfactoria pro peccato alterius membri. Unde Isaiae LIII dicitur, vere languores nostros ipse tulit, et dolores nostros ipse portavit. Reply Obj. 1: As Augustine says in his book on Infant Baptism (De Pecc. Merit. et Remiss. i), the effect of Baptism is to make those, who are baptized, to be incorporated in Christ as His members. Wherefore the very pains of Christ were satisfactory for the sins of those who were to be baptized; just as the pain of one member can be satisfactory for the sin of another member. Hence it is written (Isa 53:4): Surely He hath borne our infirmities and carried our sorrows. Ad secundum dicendum quod nuper baptizati exercitandi sunt ad iustitiam, non per opera poenalia, sed per opera facilia, ut quasi quodam lacte facilis exercitii promoveantur ad perfectiora, ut Glossa dicit, super illud Psalmi, sicut ablactatus super matre sua. Unde et dominus discipulos suos de novo conversos a ieiunio excusavit, ut patet Matth. IX. Et hoc est quod dicitur I Pet. II, sicut modo geniti infantes lac concupiscite, ut in eo crescatis in salutem. Reply Obj. 2: Those who have been lately baptized should be drilled into righteousness, not by penal, but by easy works, so as to advance to perfection by taking exercise, as infants by taking milk, as a gloss says on Ps. 130:2: As a child that is weaned is towards his mother. For this reason did our Lord excuse His disciples from fasting when they were recently converted, as we read in Matt. 9:14, 15: and the same is written 1 Pet. 2:2: As new-born babes desire . . . milk . . . that thereby you may grow unto salvation. Ad tertium dicendum quod restituere male ablata proximis, et satisfacere de iniuriis illatis, est cessare a peccando, quia hoc ipsum quod est detinere aliena et proximum non placare, est peccatum. Et ideo peccatoribus baptizatis iniungendum est quod satisfaciant proximis, sicut et quod desistant a peccato. Non est autem eis iniungendum quod pro peccatis praeteritis aliquam poenam patiantur. Reply Obj. 3: To restore what has been ill taken from one’s neighbor, and to make satisfaction for wrong done to him, is to cease from sin: for the very fact of retaining what belongs to another and of not being reconciled to one’s neighbor, is a sin. Wherefore those who are baptized should be enjoined to make satisfaction to their neighbor, as also to desist from sin. But they are not to be enjoined to suffer any punishment for past sins. Articulus 6 Article 6