Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut ex dictis patet, duo efficiuntur in anima per Baptismum, scilicet character et gratia. Dupliciter ergo aliquid ex necessitate requiritur ad Baptismum. Uno modo, sine quo gratia haberi non potest, quae est ultimus effectus sacramenti. Et hoc modo recta fides ex necessitate requiritur ad Baptismum, quia, sicut dicitur Rom. III, iustitia Dei est per fidem Iesu Christi. I answer that, As appears from what has been said above (Q. 63, A. 6; Q. 66, A. 9) Baptism produces a twofold effect in the soul, viz. the character and grace. Therefore in two ways may a thing be necessary for Baptism. First, as something without which grace, which is the ultimate effect of the sacrament, cannot be had. And thus right faith is necessary for Baptism, because, as it appears from Rom. 3:22, the justice of God is by faith of Jesus Christ. Alio modo requiritur aliquid ex necessitate ad Baptismum, sine quo character Baptismi imprimi non potest. Et sic recta fides baptizati non requiritur ex necessitate ad Baptismum, sicut nec recta fides baptizantis, dummodo adsint cetera quae sunt de necessitate sacramenti. Non enim sacramentum perficitur per iustitiam hominis dantis vel suscipientis Baptismum, sed per virtutem Dei. Second, something is required of necessity for Baptism, because without it the baptismal character cannot be imprinted. And thus right faith is not necessary in the one baptized any more than in the one who baptizes: provided the other conditions are fulfilled which are essential to the sacrament. For the sacrament is not perfected by the righteousness of the minister or of the recipient of Baptism, but by the power of God. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod dominus loquitur ibi de Baptismo secundum quod perducit homines ad salutem secundum gratiam iustificantem, quod quidem sine recta fide esse non potest. Et ideo signanter dicit, qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit, salvus erit. Reply Obj. 1: Our Lord is speaking there of Baptism as bringing us to salvation by giving us sanctifying grace: which of course cannot be without right faith: wherefore He says pointedly: He that believeth and is baptized, shall be saved. Ad secundum dicendum quod Ecclesia intendit homines baptizare ut emundentur a peccato, secundum illud Isaiae XXVII, hic est omnis fructus, ut auferatur peccatum. Et ideo, quantum est de se, non intendit dare Baptismum nisi habentibus rectam fidem, sine qua non est remissio peccatorum. Et propter hoc interrogat ad Baptismum accedentes, an credant. Si tamen sine recta fide aliquis Baptismum suscipiat extra Ecclesiam, non percipit illud ad suam salutem. Unde Augustinus dicit, Ecclesia Paradiso comparata indicat nobis posse quidem Baptismum eius homines etiam foris accipere, sed salutem beatitudinis extra eam neminem percipere vel tenere. Reply Obj. 2: The Church’s intention in baptizing men is that they may be cleansed from sin, according to Isa. 27:9: This is all the fruit, that the sin . . . should be taken away. And therefore, as far as she is concerned, she does not intend to give Baptism save to those who have right faith, without which there is no remission of sins. And for this reason she asks those who come to be baptized whether they believe. If, on the contrary, anyone, without right faith, receive Baptism outside the Church, he does not receive it unto salvation. Hence Augustine says (De Baptism. contr. Donat. iv): From the Church being compared to Paradise we learn that men can receive her Baptism even outside her fold, but that elsewhere none can receive or keep the salvation of the blessed. Ad tertium dicendum quod etiam non habens rectam fidem circa alios articulos, potest habere rectam fidem circa sacramentum Baptismi, et ita non impeditur quin possit habere intentionem suscipiendi sacramentum Baptismi. Si tamen etiam circa hoc sacramentum non recte sentiat, sufficit ad perceptionem sacramenti generalis intentio qua intendit suscipere Baptismum sicut Christus instituit, et sicut Ecclesia tradit. Reply Obj. 3: Even he who has not right faith on other points, can have right faith about the sacrament of Baptism: and so he is not hindered from having the intention of receiving that sacrament. Yet even if he think not aright concerning this sacrament, it is enough, for the receiving of the sacrament, that he should have a general intention of receiving Baptism, according as Christ instituted, and as the Church bestows it. Ad quartum dicendum quod, sicut sacramentum Baptismi non est conferendum ei qui non vult ab aliis peccatis recedere, ita nec etiam ei qui non vult infidelitatem deserere. Uterque tamen suscipit sacramentum si ei conferatur, licet non ad salutem. Reply Obj. 4: Just as the sacrament of Baptism is not to be conferred on a man who is unwilling to give up his other sins, so neither should it be given to one who is unwilling to renounce his unbelief. Yet each receives the sacrament if it be conferred on him, though not unto salvation. Articulus 9 Article 9 Utrum pueri sint baptizandi Whether children should be baptized? Ad nonum sic proceditur. Videtur quod pueri non sint baptizandi. In eo enim qui baptizatur requiritur intentio suscipiendi sacramentum, ut supra dictum est. Huiusmodi autem intentionem non possunt pueri habere, cum non habeant usum liberi arbitrii. Ergo videtur quod non possint suscipere sacramentum Baptismi. Objection 1: It seems that children should not be baptized. For the intention to receive the sacrament is required in one who is being baptized, as stated above (A. 7). But children cannot have such an intention, since they have not the use of free-will. Therefore it seems that they cannot receive the sacrament of Baptism. Praeterea, Baptismus est fidei sacramentum, ut supra dictum est. Sed pueri non habent fidem, quae consistit in credentium voluntate, ut Augustinus dicit, super Ioan. Nec etiam potest dici quod salventur in fide parentum, quia quandoque parentes sunt infideles, et sic magis per eorum infidelitatem damnarentur. Ergo videtur quod pueri non possint baptizari. Obj. 2: Further, Baptism is the sacrament of faith, as stated above (Q. 39, A. 5; Q. 66, A. 1, ad 1). But children have not faith, which demands an act of the will on the part of the believer, as Augustine says (Super Joan. xxvi). Nor can it be said that their salvation is implied in the faith of their parents; since the latter are sometimes unbelievers, and their unbelief would conduce rather to the damnation of their children. Therefore it seems that children cannot be baptized. Praeterea, I Pet. III dicitur quod homines salvos facit Baptisma, non carnis depositio sordium, sed conscientiae bonae interrogatio in Deum. Sed pueri neque conscientiam habent bonam vel malam, cum non habeant usum rationis, neque etiam convenienter ipsi interrogantur cum non intelligant. Ergo non debent pueri baptizari. Obj. 3: Further, it is written (1 Pet 3:21) that Baptism saveth men; not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the examination of a good conscience towards God. But children have no conscience, either good or bad, since they have not the use of reason: nor can they be fittingly examined, since they understand not. Therefore children should not be baptized. Sed contra est quod Dionysius dicit, ult. cap. Eccl. Hier., divini nostri duces, scilicet apostoli, probaverunt infantes recipi ad Baptismum. On the contrary, Dionysius says (Eccl. Hier. iii): Our heavenly guides, i.e., the Apostles, approved of infants being admitted to Baptism. Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut apostolus dicit, Rom. V, si unius delicto mors regnavit per unum, scilicet per Adam, multo magis abundantiam gratiae et donationis et iustitiae accipientes in vita regnabunt per unum, Iesum Christum. Pueri autem ex peccato Adae peccatum originale contrahunt, quod patet ex hoc quod sunt mortalitati subiecti, quae per peccatum primi hominis in omnes pertransiit, ut ibidem apostolus dicit. Unde multo magis pueri possunt per Christum gratiam suscipere, ut regnent in vita aeterna. Ipse autem dominus dicit, Ioan. III, nisi quis renatus fuerit ex aqua et spiritu sancto, non potest introire in regnum Dei. Unde necessarium fuit pueros baptizare, ut, sicut per Adam damnationem incurrerunt nascendo, ita per Christum salutem consequantur renascendo. Fuit etiam conveniens pueros baptizari ut a pueritia nutriti in his quae sunt Christianae vitae, firmius in ea perseverent, iuxta illud Prov. XXII, adolescens iuxta viam suam, etiam cum senuerit, non recedet ab ea. Et hanc rationem assignat Dionysius, ult. cap. Eccl. Hier. I answer that, As the Apostle says (Rom 5:17), if by one man’s offense death reigned through one, namely Adam, much more they who receive abundance of grace, and of the gift, and of justice, shall reign in life through one, Jesus Christ. Now children contract original sin from the sin of Adam; which is made clear by the fact that they are under the ban of death, which passed upon all on account of the sin of the first man, as the Apostle says in the same passage (Rom 5:12). Much more, therefore, can children receive grace through Christ, so as to reign in eternal life. But our Lord Himself said (John 3:5): Unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. Consequently it became necessary to baptize children, that, as in birth they incurred damnation through Adam so in a second birth they might obtain salvation through Christ. Moreover it was fitting that children should receive Baptism, in order that being reared from childhood in things pertaining to the Christian mode of life, they may the more easily persevere therein; according to Prov. 22:5: A young man according to his way, even when he is old, he will not depart from it. This reason is also given by Dionysius (Eccl. Hier. iii). Ad primum ergo dicendum quod regeneratio spiritualis, quae fit per Baptismum, quodammodo similis est nativitati carnali, quantum ad hoc quod, sicut pueri in maternis uteris constituti non per seipsos nutrimentum accipiunt, sed ex nutrimento matris sustentantur, ita etiam pueri non habentes usum rationis, quasi in utero matris Ecclesiae constituti, non per seipsos, sed per actum Ecclesiae salutem suscipiunt. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de peccatorum meritis et Remiss., mater Ecclesia os maternum parvulis praebet, ut sacris mysteriis imbuantur, quia nondum possunt corde proprio credere ad iustitiam, nec ore proprio confiteri ad salutem. Si autem propterea recte fideles vocantur quoniam fidem per verba gestantium quodammodo profitentur, cur etiam non poenitentes habeantur, cum per eorundem verba gestantium Diabolo et huic saeculo abrenuntiare monstrentur? Et eadem ratione possunt dici intendentes, non per actum propriae intentionis, cum ipsi quandoque contranitantur et plorent, sed per actum eorum a quibus offeruntur. Reply Obj. 1: The spiritual regeneration effected by Baptism is somewhat like carnal birth, in this respect, that as the child while in the mother’s womb receives nourishment not independently, but through the nourishment of its mother, so also children before the use of reason, being as it were in the womb of their mother the Church, receive salvation not by their own act, but by the act of the Church. Hence Augustine says (De Pecc. Merit. et Remiss. i): The Church, our mother, offers her maternal mouth for her children, that they may imbibe the sacred mysteries: for they cannot as yet with their own hearts believe unto justice, nor with their own mouths confess unto salvation . . . And if they are rightly said to believe, because in a certain fashion they make profession of faith by the words of their sponsors, why should they not also be said to repent, since by the words of those same sponsors they evidence their renunciation of the devil and this world? For the same reason they can be said to intend, not by their own act of intention, since at times they struggle and cry; but by the act of those who bring them to be baptized. Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus, scribens Bonifacio, dicit, in Ecclesia salvatoris parvuli per alios credunt, sicut ex aliis quae in Baptismo remittuntur peccata traxerunt. Nec impeditur eorum salus si parentes sint infideles, quia, sicut Augustinus dicit, eidem Bonifacio scribens, offeruntur parvuli ad percipiendam spiritualem gratiam, non tam ab eis quorum gestantur manibus (quamvis et ab ipsis, si et ipsi boni fideles sunt), quam ab universa societate sanctorum atque fidelium. Ab omnibus namque offerri recte intelliguntur, quibus placet quod offeruntur, et quorum caritate ad communionem sancti spiritus adiunguntur. Infidelitas autem propriorum parentum, etiam si eos post Baptismum Daemoniorum sacrificiis imbuere conentur, pueris non nocet. Quia, ut ibidem Augustinus dicit, puer semel generatus per aliorum voluntatem, deinceps non potest vinculo alienae iniquitatis obstringi, ubi nulla sua voluntate consentit, secundum illud, Ezech. XVIII, sicut anima patris mea est, et anima filii, anima quae peccaverit, ipsa morietur. Sed ideo ex Adam traxit quod sacramenti illius gratia solveretur, quia nondum erat anima separata vivens. Fides autem unius, immo totius Ecclesiae, parvulo prodest per operationem spiritus sancti, qui unit Ecclesiam et bona unius alteri communicat. Reply Obj. 2: As Augustine says, writing to Boniface (Cont. duas Ep. Pelag. i), in the Church of our Savior little children believe through others, just as they contracted from others those sins which are remitted in Baptism. Nor is it a hindrance to their salvation if their parents be unbelievers, because, as Augustine says, writing to the same Boniface (Ep. xcviii), little children are offered that they may receive grace in their souls, not so much from the hands of those that carry them (yet from these too, if they be good and faithful) as from the whole company of the saints and the faithful. For they are rightly considered to be offered by those who are pleased at their being offered, and by whose charity they are united in communion with the Holy Spirit. And the unbelief of their own parents, even if after Baptism these strive to infect them with the worship of demons, hurts not the children. For as Augustine says (Cont. duas Ep. Pelag. i) when once the child has been begotten by the will of others, he cannot subsequently be held by the bonds of another’s sin so long as he consent not with his will, according to Ezech. 18:4: ‘As the soul of the Father, so also the soul of the son is mine; the soul that sinneth, the same shall die.’ Yet he contracted from Adam that which was loosed by the grace of this sacrament, because as yet he was not endowed with a separate existence. But the faith of one, indeed of the whole Church, profits the child through the operation of the Holy Spirit, Who unites the Church together, and communicates the goods of one member to another. Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut puer, cum baptizatur, non per seipsum, sed per alios credit; ita non per seipsum, sed per alios interrogatur, et interrogati confitentur fidem Ecclesiae in persona pueri, qui huic fidei aggregatur per fidei sacramentum. Conscientiam autem bonam consequitur puer etiam in seipso, non quidem actu, sed habitu, per gratiam iustificantem. Reply Obj. 3: Just as a child, when he is being baptized, believes not by himself but by others, so is he examined not by himself but through others, and these in answer confess the Church’s faith in the child’s stead, who is aggregated to this faith by the sacrament of faith. And the child acquires a good conscience in himself, not indeed as to the act, but as to the habit, by sanctifying grace. Articulus 10 Article 10 Utrum pueri Iudaeorum vel aliorum infidelium sint baptizandi, etiam invitis parentibus Whether children of Jews or other unbelievers should be baptized against the will of their parents? Ad decimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod pueri Iudaeorum vel aliorum infidelium sint baptizandi, etiam invitis parentibus. Magis enim debet homini subveniri contra periculum mortis aeternae quam contra periculum mortis temporalis. Sed puero in periculo mortis temporalis existenti est subveniendum, etiam si parentes per malitiam contraniterentur. Ergo multo magis est subveniendum pueris infidelium filiis contra periculum mortis aeternae, etiam invitis parentibus. Objection 1: It seems that children of Jews or other unbelievers should be baptized against the will of their parents. For it is a matter of greater urgency to rescue a man from the danger of eternal death than from the danger of temporal death. But one ought to rescue a child that is threatened by the danger of temporal death, even if its parents through malice try to prevent its being rescued. Therefore much more reason is there for rescuing the children of unbelievers from the danger of eternal death, even against their parents’ will. Praeterea, filii servorum sunt servi, et in potestate dominorum. Sed Iudaei sunt servi regum et principum, et quicumque etiam alii infideles. Ergo absque omni iniuria possunt principes Iudaeorum filios, vel aliorum servorum infidelium, facere baptizari. Obj. 2: The children of slaves are themselves slaves, and in the power of their masters. But Jews and all other unbelievers are the slaves of kings and rulers. Therefore without any injustice rulers can have the children of Jews baptized, as well as those of other slaves who are unbelievers. Praeterea, quilibet homo est magis Dei, a quo habet animam, quam patris carnalis, a quo habet corpus. Non est ergo iniustum si pueri infidelium filii parentibus carnalibus auferantur, et Deo per Baptismum consecrentur. Obj. 3: Further, every man belongs more to God, from Whom he has his soul, than to his carnal father, from whom he has his body. Therefore it is not unjust if the children of unbelievers are taken away from their carnal parents, and consecrated to God by Baptism. Sed contra est quod in decretis, dist. XLV, ex Concilio Toletano, sic dicitur, de Iudaeis praecepit sancta synodus nemini deinceps ad credendum vim inferre, non enim tales inviti salvandi sunt, sed volentes, ut integra sit forma iustitiae. On the contrary, It is written in the Decretals (Dist. xlv), quoting the council of Toledo: In regard to the Jews the holy synod commands that henceforward none of them be forced to believe: for such are not to be saved against their will, but willingly, that their righteousness may be without flaw. Respondeo dicendum quod pueri infidelium filii aut habent usum rationis, aut non habent. Si autem habent, iam, quantum ad ea quae sunt iuris divini vel naturalis, incipiunt suae potestatis esse. Et ideo propria voluntate, invitis parentibus, possunt Baptismum suscipere, sicut et matrimonium contrahere. Et ideo tales licite moneri possunt et induci ad suscipiendum Baptismum. I answer that, The children of unbelievers either have the use of reason or they have not. If they have, then they already begin to control their own actions, in things that are of Divine or natural law. And therefore of their own accord, and against the will of their parents, they can receive Baptism, just as they can contract marriage. Consequently such can lawfully be advised and persuaded to be baptized. Si vero nondum habent usum liberi arbitrii, secundum ius naturale sunt sub cura parentum, quandiu ipsi sibi providere non possunt. Unde etiam et de pueris antiquorum dicitur quod salvabantur in fide parentum. Et ideo contra iustitiam naturalem esset si tales pueri, invitis parentibus, baptizarentur, sicut etiam si aliquis habens usum rationis baptizaretur invitus. Esset etiam periculosum taliter filios infidelium baptizare, quia de facili ad infidelitatem redirent, propter naturalem affectum ad parentes. Et ideo non habet hoc Ecclesiae consuetudo, quod filii infidelium, invitis parentibus, baptizentur. If, however, they have not yet the use of free-will, according to the natural law they are under the care of their parents as long as they cannot look after themselves. For which reason we say that even the children of the ancients were saved through the faith of their parents. Wherefore it would be contrary to natural justice if such children were baptized against their parents’ will; just as it would be if one having the use of reason were baptized against his will. Moreover under the circumstances it would be dangerous to baptize the children of unbelievers; for they would be liable to lapse into unbelief, by reason of their natural affection for their parents. Therefore it is not the custom of the Church to baptize the children of unbelievers against their parents’ will. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod a morte corporali non est aliquis eripiendus contra ordinem iuris civilis, puta, si aliquis a suo iudice condemnetur ad mortem, nullus debet eum violenter a morte eripere. Unde nec aliquis debet irrumpere ordinem iuris naturae, quo filius est sub cura patris, ut eum liberet a periculo mortis aeternae. Reply Obj. 1: It is not right to rescue a man from death of the body against the order of civil law: for instance, if a man be condemned to death by the judge who has tried him, none should use force in order to rescue him from death. Consequently, neither should anyone infringe the order of the natural law, in virtue of which a child is under the care of its father, in order to rescue it from the danger of eternal death. Ad secundum dicendum quod Iudaei sunt servi principum servitute civili, quae non excludit ordinem iuris naturalis vel divini. Reply Obj. 2: Jews are slaves of rulers by civil slavery, which does not exclude the order of the natural and Divine law. Ad tertium dicendum quod homo ordinatur ad Deum per rationem, per quam Deum cognoscere potest. Unde puer, antequam usum rationis habeat, naturali ordine ordinatur in Deum per rationem parentum, quorum curae naturaliter subiacet, et secundum eorum dispositionem sunt circa ipsum divina agenda. Reply Obj. 3: Man is ordained unto God through his reason, by which he can know God. Wherefore a child, before it has the use of reason, is ordained to God, by a natural order, through the reason of its parents, under whose care it naturally lies, and it is according to their ordering that things pertaining to God are to be done in respect of the child. Articulus 11 Article 11 Utrum in maternis uteris existentes possint baptizari Whether a child can be baptized while yet in its mother’s womb? Ad undecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in maternis uteris existentes possint baptizari. Efficacius est enim donum Christi ad salutem quam peccatum Adae ad damnationem, ut apostolus dicit, Rom. V. Sed pueri in maternis uteris existentes damnantur propter peccatum Adae. Ergo multo magis salvari possunt per donum Christi. Quod quidem fit per Baptismum. Ergo pueri in maternis uteris existentes possunt baptizari. Objection 1: It seems that a child can be baptized while yet in its mother’s womb. For the gift of Christ is more efficacious unto salvation than Adam’s sin unto condemnation, as the Apostle says (Rom 5:15). But a child while yet in its mother’s womb is under sentence of condemnation on account of Adam’s sin. For much more reason, therefore, can it be saved through the gift of Christ, which is bestowed by means of Baptism. Therefore a child can be baptized while yet in its mother’s womb. Praeterea, puer in utero matris existens aliquid matris esse videtur. Sed, baptizata matre, baptizatur quidquid est eius intra ipsam existens. Ergo videtur quod, baptizata matre, baptizetur puer in utero eius existens. Obj. 2: Further, a child, while yet in its mother’s womb, seems to be part of its mother. Now, when the mother is baptized, whatever is in her and part of her, is baptized. Therefore it seems that when the mother is baptized, the child in her womb is baptized. Praeterea, mors aeterna peior est quam mors corporalis. Sed de duobus malis minus malum eligendum est. Si ergo puer in utero matris existens baptizari non potest, melius esset quod mater aperiretur et puer vi eductus baptizaretur, quam quod puer aeternaliter damnaretur, absque Baptismo decedens. Obj. 3: Further, eternal death is a greater evil than death of the body. But of two evils the less should be chosen. If, therefore, the child in the mother’s womb cannot be baptized, it would be better for the mother to be opened, and the child to be taken out by force and baptized, than that the child should be eternally damned through dying without Baptism. Praeterea, contingit quandoque quod aliqua pars pueri prius egreditur, sicut legitur Gen. XXXVIII quod, pariente Thamar, in ipsa effusione infantium, unus protulit manum, in qua obstetrix ligavit coccinum, dicens, iste egredietur prior. Illo vero manum retrahente, egressus est alter. Quandoque autem in tali casu imminet periculum mortis. Ergo videtur quod illa pars debeat baptizari, puero adhuc in materno utero existente. Obj. 4: Further, it happens at times that some part of the child comes forth first, as we read in Gen. 38:27: In the very delivery of the infants, one put forth a hand, whereon the midwife tied a scarlet thread, saying: This shall come forth the first. But he drawing back his hand, the other came forth. Now sometimes in such cases there is danger of death. Therefore it seems that that part should be baptized, while the child is yet in its mother’s womb. Sed contra est quod Augustinus, in epistola ad Dardanum, dicit, nemo renascitur nisi primo nascatur. Sed Baptismus est quaedam spiritualis regeneratio. Non ergo debet aliquis baptizari priusquam ex utero nascatur. On the contrary, Augustine says (Ep. ad Dardan.): No one can be born a second time unless he be born first. But Baptism is a spiritual regeneration. Therefore no one should be baptized before he is born from the womb. Respondeo dicendum quod de necessitate Baptismi est quod corpus baptizandi aliquo modo aqua abluatur, cum Baptismus sit quaedam ablutio, ut supra dictum est. Corpus autem infantis, antequam nascatur ex utero, non potest aliquo modo ablui aqua, nisi forte dicatur quod ablutio baptismalis qua corpus matris lavatur, ad filium in ventre existentem perveniat. Sed hoc non potest esse, tum quia anima pueri, ad cuius sanctificationem ordinatur Baptismus, distincta est ab anima matris; tum quia corpus puerperii animati iam est formatum, et per consequens a corpore matris distinctum. Et ideo Baptismus quo mater baptizatur, non redundat in prolem in utero existentem. Unde Augustinus dicit, contra Iulianum, si ad matris corpus id quod in ea concipitur pertinet, ita ut eius pars imputetur, non baptizaretur infans cuius mater baptizata est, aliquo mortis urgente periculo, cum gestaret in utero. Nunc vero, cum etiam ipse, scilicet infans, baptizetur, non utique ad maternum corpus, cum esset in utero, pertinebat. Et ita relinquitur quod nullo modo existentes in maternis uteris baptizari possunt. I answer that, It is essential to Baptism that some part of the body of the person baptized be in some way washed with water, since Baptism is a kind of washing, as stated above (Q. 66, A. 1). But an infant’s body, before being born from the womb, can nowise be washed with water; unless perchance it be said that the baptismal water, with which the mother’s body is washed, reaches the child while yet in its mother’s womb. But this is impossible: both because the child’s soul, to the sanctification of which Baptism is ordained, is distinct from the soul of the mother; and because the body of the animated infant is already formed, and consequently distinct from the body of the mother. Therefore the Baptism which the mother receives does not overflow on to the child which is in her womb. Hence Augustine says (Cont. Julian. vi): If what is conceived within a mother belonged to her body, so as to be considered a part thereof, we should not baptize an infant whose mother, through danger of death, was baptized while she bore it in her womb. Since, then, it, i.e., the infant, is baptized, it certainly did not belong to the mother’s body while it was in the womb. It follows, therefore, that a child can nowise be baptized while in its mother’s womb. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod pueri in maternis uteris existentes nondum prodierunt in lucem, ut cum aliis hominibus vitam ducant. Unde non possunt subiici actioni humanae, ut per eorum ministerium sacramenta recipiant ad salutem. Possunt tamen subiici operationi Dei, apud quem vivunt, ut quodam privilegio gratiae sanctificationem consequantur, sicut patet de sanctificatis in utero. Reply Obj. 1: Children while in the mother’s womb have not yet come forth into the world to live among other men. Consequently they cannot be subject to the action of man, so as to receive the sacrament, at the hands of man, unto salvation. They can, however, be subject to the action of God, in Whose sight they live, so as, by a kind of privilege, to receive the grace of sanctification; as was the case with those who were sanctified in the womb.