Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, remissionem peccatorum aliquis consequitur ante Baptismum secundum quod habet Baptismum in voto, vel explicite vel implicite et tamen, cum realiter suscipit Baptismum, fit plenior remissio, quantum ad liberationem a tota poena. Ita etiam ante Baptismum Cornelius et alii similes consequuntur gratiam et virtutes per fidem Christi et desiderium Baptismi, implicite vel explicite, postmodum tamen in Baptismo maiorem copiam gratiae et virtutum consequuntur. Unde super illud Psalmi, super aquam refectionis educavit me, dicit Glossa, per augmentum virtutis et bonae operationis educavit in Baptismo. Reply Obj. 2: As stated above (A. 1, ad 2; Q. 68, A. 2) man receives the forgiveness of sins before Baptism in so far as he has Baptism of desire, explicitly or implicitly; and yet when he actually receives Baptism, he receives a fuller remission, as to the remission of the entire punishment. So also before Baptism Cornelius and others like him receive grace and virtues through their faith in Christ and their desire for Baptism, implicit or explicit: but afterwards when baptized, they receive a yet greater fullness of grace and virtues. Hence in Ps. 22:2, He hath brought me up on the water of refreshment, a gloss says: He has brought us up by an increase of virtue and good deeds in Baptism. Ad tertium dicendum quod difficultas ad bonum et pronitas ad malum inveniuntur in baptizatis, non propter defectum habitus virtutum, sed propter concupiscentiam, quae non tollitur in Baptismo. Sicut tamen per Baptismum diminuitur concupiscentia, ut non dominetur, ita etiam diminuitur utrumque istorum, ne homo ab his superetur. Reply Obj. 3: Difficulty in doing good and proneness to evil are in the baptized, not through their lacking the habits of the virtues, but through concupiscence which is not taken away in Baptism. But just as concupiscence is diminished by Baptism, so as not to enslave us, so also are both the aforesaid defects diminished, so that man be not overcome by them. Articulus 5 Article 5 Utrum convenienter attribuantur Baptismo pro effectibus quidam actus virtutum, scilicet, incorporatio ad Christum, illuminatio, fecundatio Whether certain acts of the virtues are fittingly set down as effects of Baptism, to wit—incorporation in Christ, enlightenment, and fruitfulness? Ad quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter attribuantur Baptismo pro effectibus quidam actus virtutum, scilicet, incorporatio ad Christum, illuminatio, fecundatio. Non enim Baptismus datur adulto nisi fideli, secundum illud Marc. ult., qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit, salvus erit. Sed per fidem aliquis incorporatur Christo, secundum illud Ephes. III, habitare Christum per fidem in cordibus vestris. Ergo nullus baptizatur nisi iam Christo incorporatus. Non ergo est effectus Baptismi incorporari Christo. Objection 1: It seems that certain acts of the virtues are unfittingly set down as effects of Baptism, to wit—incorporation in Christ, enlightenment, and fruitfulness. For Baptism is not given to an adult, except he believe; according to Mk. 16:16: He that believeth and is baptized, shall be saved. But it is by faith that man is incorporated in Christ, according to Eph. 3:17: That Christ may dwell by faith in your hearts. Therefore no one is baptized except he be already incorporated in Christ. Therefore incorporation with Christ is not the effect of Baptism. Praeterea, illuminatio fit per doctrinam, secundum illud Ephes. III mihi omnium minimo data est gratia haec, illuminare omnes, et cetera. Sed doctrina praecedit Baptismum in catechismo. Non ergo est effectus Baptismi. Obj. 2: Further, enlightenment is caused by teaching, according to Eph. 3:8, 9: To me the least of all the saints, is given this grace . . . to enlighten all men, etc. But teaching by the catechism precedes Baptism. Therefore it is not the effect of Baptism. Praeterea, fecunditas pertinet ad generationem activam. Sed per Baptismum aliquis regeneratur spiritualiter. Ergo fecunditas non est effectus Baptismi. Obj. 3: Further, fruitfulness pertains to active generation. But a man is regenerated spiritually by Baptism. Therefore fruitfulness is not an effect of Baptism. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Baptismo parvulorum, quod ad hoc valet Baptismus ut baptizati Christo incorporentur. Dionysius etiam, II cap. Eccl. Hier., illuminationem attribuit Baptismo. Et super illud Psalmi, super aquam refectionis educavit, dicit Glossa quod anima peccatorum, ariditate sterilis, fecundatur per Baptismum. On the contrary, Augustine says in the book on Infant Baptism (De Pecc. Merit. et Remiss. i) that the effect of Baptism is that the baptized are incorporated in Christ. And Dionysius (Eccl. Hier. ii) ascribes enlightenment to Baptism. And on Ps. 22:2, He hath brought me up on the water of refreshment, a gloss says that the sinner’s soul, sterilized by drought, is made fruitful by Baptism. Respondeo dicendum quod per Baptismum aliquis regeneratur in spiritualem vitam, quae est propria fidelium Christi, sicut apostolus dicit, Galat. II, quod autem nunc vivo in carne, in fide vivo filii Dei. Vita autem non est nisi membrorum capiti unitorum, a quo sensum et motum suscipiunt. Et ideo necesse est quod per Baptismum aliquis incorporetur Christo quasi membrum ipsius. Sicut autem a capite naturali derivatur ad membra sensus et motus, ita a capite spirituali, quod est Christus, derivatur ad membra eius sensus spiritualis, qui consistit in cognitione veritatis, et motus spiritualis, qui est per gratiae instinctum. Unde Ioan. I dicitur, vidimus eum plenum gratiae et veritatis, et de plenitudine eius omnes accepimus. Et ideo consequens est quod baptizati illuminentur a Christo circa cognitionem veritatis, et fecundentur ab eo fecunditate bonorum operum per gratiae infusionem. I answer that, By Baptism man is born again unto the spiritual life, which is proper to the faithful of Christ, as the Apostle says (Gal 2:20): And that I live now in the flesh; I live in the faith of the Son of God. Now life is only in those members that are united to the head, from which they derive sense and movement. And therefore it follows of necessity that by Baptism man is incorporated in Christ, as one of His members. Again, just as the members derive sense and movement from the material head, so from their spiritual Head, i.e., Christ, do His members derive spiritual sense consisting in the knowledge of truth, and spiritual movement which results from the instinct of grace. Hence it is written (John 1:14, 16): We have seen Him . . . full of grace and truth; and of His fullness we all have received. And it follows from this that the baptized are enlightened by Christ as to the knowledge of truth, and made fruitful by Him with the fruitfulness of good works by the infusion of grace. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod adulti prius credentes in Christum sunt ei incorporati mentaliter. Sed postmodum, cum baptizantur, incorporantur ei quodammodo corporaliter, scilicet per visibile sacramentum, sine cuius proposito nec mentaliter incorporari potuissent. Reply Obj. 1: Adults who already believe in Christ are incorporated in Him mentally. But afterwards, when they are baptized, they are incorporated in Him, corporally, as it were, i.e., by the visible sacrament; without the desire of which they could not have been incorporated in Him even mentally. Ad secundum dicendum quod doctor illuminat exterius per ministerium catechizando, sed Deus illuminat interius baptizatos, praeparans corda eorum ad recipiendam doctrinam veritatis, secundum illud Ioan. VI, scriptum est in prophetis, erunt omnes docibiles Dei. Reply Obj. 2: The teacher enlightens outwardly and ministerially by catechizing: but God enlightens the baptized inwardly, by preparing their hearts for the reception of the doctrines of truth, according to John 6:45: It is written in the prophets . . . They shall all be taught of God. Ad tertium dicendum quod effectus Baptismi ponitur fecunditas qua aliquis producit bona opera, non autem fecunditas qua aliquis generat alios in Christo, sicut apostolus dicit, I Cor. IV, in Christo Iesu per Evangelium ego vos genui. Reply Obj. 3: The fruitfulness which I ascribed as an effect of Baptism is that by which man brings forth good works; not that by which he begets others in Christ, as the Apostle says (1 Cor 4:15): In Christ Jesus by the Gospel I have begotten you. Articulus 6 Article 6 Utrum pueri in Baptismo consequantur gratiam et virtutes Whether children receive grace and virtue in Baptism? Ad sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod pueri in Baptismo non consequantur gratiam et virtutes. Gratia enim et virtutes non habentur sine fide et caritate. Sed fides, ut Augustinus dicit, consistit in credentium voluntate, et similiter etiam caritas consistit in diligentium voluntate, cuius usum pueri non habent, et sic non habent fidem et caritatem. Ergo pueri in Baptismo non recipiunt gratiam et virtutes. Objection 1: It seems that children do not receive grace and virtues in Baptism. For grace and virtues are not possessed without faith and charity. But faith, as Augustine says (Ep. xcviii), depends on the will of the believer: and in like manner charity depends on the will of the lover. Now children have not the use of the will, and consequently they have neither faith nor charity. Therefore children do not receive grace and virtues in Baptism. Praeterea, super illud Ioan. XIV, maiora horum faciet, dicit Augustinus quod ut ex impio iustus fiat, in illo, sed non sine illo Christus operatur. Sed puer, cum non habeat usum liberi arbitrii, non cooperatur Christo ad suam iustificationem, immo quandoque pro posse renititur. Ergo non iustificatur per gratiam et virtutes. Obj. 2: Further, on John 14:12, Greater than these shall he do, Augustine says that in order for the ungodly to be made righteous Christ worketh in him, but not without him. But a child, through not having the use of free-will, does not co-operate with Christ unto its justification: indeed at times it does its best to resist. Therefore it is not justified by grace and virtues. Praeterea, Rom. IV dicitur, ei qui non operatur, credenti autem in eum qui iustificat impium, reputabitur fides eius ad iustitiam, secundum propositum gratiae Dei. Sed puer non est credens in eum qui iustificat impium. Ergo non consequitur gratiam iustificantem neque virtutes. Obj. 3: Further, it is written (Rom 4:5): To him that worketh not, yet believing in Him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is reputed to justice according to the purpose of the grace of God. But a child believeth not in Him that justifieth the ungodly. Therefore a child receives neither sanctifying grace nor virtues. Praeterea, quod ex carnali intentione agitur, non videtur habere spiritualem effectum. Sed quandoque pueri ad Baptismum deferuntur carnali intentione, ut scilicet corporaliter sanentur. Non ergo consequuntur spiritualem effectum gratiae et virtutum. Obj. 4: Further, what is done with a carnal intention does not seem to have a spiritual effect. But sometimes children are taken to Baptism with a carnal intention, to wit, that their bodies may be healed. Therefore they do not receive the spiritual effect consisting in grace and virtue. Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., parvuli renascendo moriuntur illi peccato quod nascendo contraxerunt, et per hoc ad illos etiam pertinet quod dicitur, consepulti sumus cum illo per Baptismum in mortem, (subditur autem) ut, quomodo resurrexit Christus a mortuis per gloriam patris ita et nos in novitate vitae ambulemus. Sed novitas vitae est per gratiam et virtutes. Ergo pueri consequuntur in Baptismo gratiam et virtutes. On the contrary, Augustine says (Enchiridion lii): When little children are baptized, they die to that sin which they contracted in birth: so that to them also may be applied the words: ‘We are buried together with Him by Baptism unto death’: (and he continues thus) ‘that as Christ is risen from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we also may walk in newness of life.’ Now newness of life is through grace and virtues. Therefore children receive grace and virtues in Baptism. Respondeo dicendum quod quidam antiqui posuerunt quod pueris in Baptismo non dantur gratia et virtutes, sed imprimitur eis character Christi, cuius virtute, cum ad perfectam aetatem venerint, consequuntur gratiam et virtutes. Sed hoc patet esse falsum dupliciter. Primo quidem, quia pueri, sicut et adulti, in Baptismo efficiuntur membra Christi. Unde necesse est quod a capite recipiant influxum gratiae et virtutis. Secundo, quia secundum hoc pueri decedentes post Baptismum non pervenirent ad vitam aeternam, quia, ut dicitur Rom. VI, gratia Dei est vita aeterna. Et ita nihil profuisset eis ad salutem baptizatos fuisse. I answer that, Some of the early writers held that children do not receive grace and virtues in Baptism, but that they receive the imprint of the character of Christ, by the power of which they receive grace and virtue when they arrive at the perfect age. But this is evidently false, for two reasons. First, because children, like adults, are made members of Christ in Baptism; hence they must, of necessity, receive an influx of grace and virtues from the Head. Second, because, if this were true, children that die after Baptism, would not come to eternal life; since according to Rom. 6:23, the grace of God is life everlasting. And consequently Baptism would not have profited them unto salvation. Causa autem erroris fuit quia nescierunt distinguere inter habitum et actum. Et sic, videntes pueros inhabiles ad actus virtutum, crediderunt eos post Baptismum nullatenus virtutem habere. Sed ista impotentia operandi non accidit pueris ex defectu habituum, sed ex impedimento corporali, sicut etiam dormientes, quamvis habeant habitus virtutum, impediuntur tamen ab actibus propter somnum. Now the source of their error was that they did not recognize the distinction between habit and act. And so, seeing children to be incapable of acts of virtue, they thought that they had no virtues at all after Baptism. But this inability of children to act is not due to the absence of habits, but to an impediment on the part of the body: thus also when a man is asleep, though he may have the habits of virtue, yet is he hindered from virtuous acts through being asleep. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod fides et caritas consistunt in voluntate hominum, ita tamen quod habitus harum et aliarum virtutum requirunt potentiam voluntatis, quae est in pueris; sed actus virtutum requirunt actum voluntatis, qui non est in pueris. Et hoc modo Augustinus dicit, in libro de Baptismo parvulorum, quod parvulum, etsi nondum illa fides quae in credentium voluntate consistit, iam tamen ipsius fidei sacramentum, quod scilicet causat habitum fidei, fidelem facit. Reply Obj. 1: Faith and charity depend on man’s will, yet so that the habits of these and other virtues require the power of the will which is in children; whereas acts of virtue require an act of the will, which is not in children. In this sense Augustine says in the book on Infant Baptism (Ep. xcviii): The little child is made a believer, not as yet by that faith which depends on the will of the believer, but by the sacrament of faith itself, which causes the habit of faith. Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de caritate, nemo ex aqua et spiritu sancto renascitur nisi volens. Quod non de parvulis, sed de adultis intelligendum est. Et similiter de adultis intelligendum est quod homo a Christo sine ipso non iustificatur. Quod autem parvuli baptizandi, prout viribus possunt, reluctantur, non eis imputatur, quia in tantum nesciunt quid faciunt, ut nec facere videantur, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de praesentia Dei ad Dardanum. Reply Obj. 2: As Augustine says in his book on Charity (Ep. Joan. ad Parth. iii), no man is born of water and the Holy Spirit unwillingly which is to be understood not of little children but of adults. In like manner we are to understand as applying to adults, that man without himself is not justified by Christ. Moreover, if little children who are about to be baptized resist as much as they can, this is not imputed to them, since so little do they know what they do, that they seem not to do it at all: as Augustine says in a book on the Presence of God, addressed to Dardanus (Ep. clxxxvii). Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, parvulis mater Ecclesia aliorum pedes accommodat ut veniant, aliorum cor ut credant, aliorum linguam ut fateantur. Et ita pueri credunt, non per actum proprium, sed per fidem Ecclesiae, quae eis communicatur. Et huius fidei virtute conferuntur eis gratia et virtutes. Reply Obj. 3: As Augustine says (Serm. clxxvi): Mother Church lends other feet to the little children that they may come; another heart that they may believe; another tongue that they may confess. So that children believe, not by their own act, but by the faith of the Church, which is applied to them: by the power of which faith, grace and virtues are bestowed on them. Ad quartum dicendum quod carnalis intentio deferentium pueros ad Baptismum nihil eis nocet, sicut nec culpa unius nocet alteri, nisi consentiat. Unde Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad Bonifacium, non illud te moveat quod quidam non ea fide ad Baptismum percipiendum parvulos ferunt ut gratia spirituali ad vitam regenerentur aeternam, sed hoc eos putant remedio corporalem retinere vel recipere sanitatem. Non enim propterea illi non regenerantur, quia non ab istis hac intentione offeruntur. Reply Obj. 4: The carnal intention of those who take children to be baptized does not hurt the latter, as neither does one’s sin hurt another, unless he consent. Hence Augustine says in his letter to Boniface (Ep. xcviii): Be not disturbed because some bring children to be baptized, not in the hope that they may be born again to eternal life by the spiritual grace, but because they think it to be a remedy whereby they may preserve or recover health. For they are not deprived of regeneration, through not being brought for this intention. Articulus 7 Article 7 Utrum effectus Baptismi sit apertio ianuae regni caelestis Whether the effect of Baptism is to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom? Ad septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod effectus Baptismi non sit apertio ianuae regni caelestis. Illud enim quod est apertum, non indiget apertione. Sed ianua regni caelestis est aperta per passionem Christi, unde Apoc. IV dicitur, post haec vidi ostium magnum apertum in caelo. Non est ergo effectus Baptismi apertio ianuae regni caelestis. Objection 1: It seems that it is not the effect of Baptism, to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom. For what is already opened needs no opening. But the gates of the heavenly kingdom were opened by Christ’s Passion: hence it is written (Rev 4:1): After these things I looked and behold (a great) door was opened in heaven. Therefore it is not the effect of Baptism, to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom. Praeterea, Baptismus omni tempore ex quo institutus fuit, habet suum effectum. Sed quidam baptizati sunt Baptismo Christi ante eius passionem, ut habetur Ioan. III, quibus, si tunc decessissent, introitus regni caelestis non patebat, in quod nullus ante Christum introivit, secundum illud Mich. II, ascendit pandens iter ante eos. Non est ergo effectus Baptismi apertio ianuae regni caelestis. Obj. 2: Further, Baptism has had its effects ever since it was instituted. But some were baptized with Christ’s Baptism, before His Passion, according to John 3:22, 26: and if they had died then, the gates of the heavenly kingdom would not have been opened to them, since none entered therein before Christ, according to Mic. 2:13: He went up that shall open the way before them. Therefore it is not the effect of Baptism, to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom. Praeterea, baptizati adhuc sunt obnoxii morti et aliis poenalitatibus vitae praesentis, ut supra dictum est. Sed nulli est apertus aditus regni caelestis quandiu est obnoxius poenae, sicut patet de illis qui sunt in Purgatorio. Non ergo est effectus Baptismi apertio ianuae regni caelestis. Obj. 3: Further, the baptized are still subject to death and the other penalties of the present life, as stated above (A. 3). But entrance to the heavenly kingdom is opened to none that are subject to punishment: as is clear in regard to those who are in purgatory. Therefore it is not the effect of Baptism, to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom. Sed contra est quod super illud Luc. III, apertum est caelum, dicit Glossa Bedae, virtus hic Baptismatis ostenditur, de quo quisque cum egreditur, ei regni caelestis ianua aperitur. On the contrary, on Luke 3:21, Heaven was opened, the gloss of Bede says: We see here the power of Baptism; from which when a man comes forth, the gates of the heavenly kingdom are opened unto him. Respondeo dicendum quod aperire ianuam regni caelestis est amovere impedimentum quo aliquis impeditur regnum caeleste intrare. Hoc autem impedimentum est culpa et reatus poenae. Ostensum est autem supra quod per Baptismum totaliter omnis culpa et etiam omnis reatus poenae tollitur. Unde consequens est quod effectus Baptismi sit apertio regni caelestis. I answer that, To open the gates of the heavenly kingdom is to remove the obstacle that prevents one from entering therein. Now this obstacle is guilt and the debt of punishment. But it has been shown above (AA. 1, 2) that all guilt and also all debt of punishment are taken away by Baptism. It follows, therefore, that the effect of Baptism is to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod Baptismus intantum aperit baptizato ianuam regni caelestis, inquantum incorporat eum passioni Christi, virtutem eius homini applicando. Reply Obj. 1: Baptism opens the gates of the heavenly kingdom to the baptized in so far as it incorporates them in the Passion of Christ, by applying its power to man. Ad secundum dicendum quod, quando passio Christi nondum erat realiter perfecta sed solum in fide credentium, Baptismus proportionaliter causabat ianuae apertionem, non quidem in re, sed in spe. Baptizati enim tunc decedentes ex certa spe introitum regni caelestis expectabant. Reply Obj. 2: When Christ’s Passion was not as yet consummated actually but only in the faith of believers, Baptism proportionately caused the gates to be opened, not in fact but in hope. For the baptized who died then looked forward, with a sure hope, to enter the heavenly kingdom. Ad tertium dicendum quod baptizatus non est obnoxius morti et poenalitatibus vitae praesentis propter reatum personae, sed propter statum naturae. Et ideo propter hoc non impeditur ab introitu regni caelestis, quando anima separatur a corpore per mortem, quasi iam persoluto eo quod naturae debebatur. Reply Obj. 3: The baptized are subject to death and the penalties of the present life, not by reason of a personal debt of punishment but by reason of the state of their nature. And therefore this is no bar to their entrance to the heavenly kingdom, when death severs the soul from the body; since they have paid, as it were, the debt of nature. Articulus 8 Article 8