Quaestio 76 Question 76 De modo quo Christus existit in hoc sacramento The Way in Which Christ is in This Sacrament Deinde considerandum est de modo quo Christus existit in hoc sacramento. Et circa hoc quaeruntur octo. We have now to consider the manner in which Christ exists in this sacrament; and under this head there are eight points of inquiry: Primo, utrum totus Christus sit sub hoc sacramento. (1) Whether the whole Christ is under this sacrament? Secundo, utrum totus Christus sit sub utraque specie sacramenti. (2) Whether the entire Christ is under each species of the sacrament? Tertio, utrum totus Christus sit sub qualibet parte specierum. (3) Whether the entire Christ is under every part of the species? Quarto, utrum dimensiones corporis Christi totae sint in hoc sacramento. (4) Whether all the dimensions of Christ’s body are in this sacrament? Quinto, utrum corpus Christi sit in hoc sacramento localiter. (5) Whether the body of Christ is in this sacrament locally? Sexto, utrum corpus Christi moveatur ad motum hostiae vel calicis post consecrationem. (6) Whether after the consecration, the body of Christ is moved when the host or chalice is moved? Septimo, utrum corpus Christi sub hoc sacramento possit ab aliquo oculo videri. (7) Whether Christ’s body, as it is in this sacrament, can be seen by the eye? Octavo, utrum verum corpus Christi remaneat in hoc sacramento quando miraculose apparet sub specie pueri vel carnis. (8) Whether the true body of Christ remains in this sacrament when He is seen under the appearance of a child or of flesh? Articulus 1 Article 1 Utrum totus Christus contineatur sub hoc sacramento Whether the whole Christ is contained under this sacrament? Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non totus Christus contineatur sub hoc sacramento. Christus enim incipit esse in hoc sacramento per conversionem panis et vini. Sed manifestum est quod panis et vinum non possunt converti neque in divinitatem Christi, neque in eius animam. Cum ergo Christus existat ex tribus substantiis, scilicet divinitate, anima et corpore, ut supra habitum; videtur quod Christus totus non sit in hoc sacramento. Objection 1: It seems that the whole Christ is not contained under this sacrament, because Christ begins to be in this sacrament by conversion of the bread and wine. But it is evident that the bread and wine cannot be changed either into the Godhead or into the soul of Christ. Since therefore Christ exists in three substances, namely, the Godhead, soul and body, as shown above (Q. 2, A. 5; Q. 5, AA. 1, 3), it seems that the entire Christ is not under this sacrament. Praeterea, Christus est in hoc sacramento secundum quod competit refectioni fidelium, quae in cibo et potu consistit, sicut supra dictum est. Sed dominus dicit, Ioan. VI, caro mea vere est cibus, et sanguis meus vere est potus. Ergo solum caro et sanguis Christi continetur in hoc sacramento. Sunt autem multae aliae partes corporis Christi, puta nervi et ossa et alia huiusmodi. Non ergo totus Christus continetur sub hoc sacramento. Obj. 2: Further, Christ is in this sacrament, forasmuch as it is ordained to the refection of the faithful, which consists in food and drink, as stated above (Q. 74, A. 1). But our Lord said (John 6:56): My flesh is meat indeed, and My blood is drink indeed. Therefore, only the flesh and blood of Christ are contained in this sacrament. But there are many other parts of Christ’s body, for instance, the nerves, bones, and such like. Therefore the entire Christ is not contained under this sacrament. Praeterea, corpus maioris quantitatis non potest totum contineri sub minoris quantitatis mensura. Sed mensura panis et vini consecrati est multo minor quam propria mensura corporis Christi. Non potest ergo esse quod totus Christus sit sub hoc sacramento. Obj. 3: Further, a body of greater quantity cannot be contained under the measure of a lesser. But the measure of the bread and wine is much smaller than the measure of Christ’s body. Therefore it is impossible that the entire Christ be contained under this sacrament. Sed contra est quod Ambrosius dicit, in libro de Offic., in illo sacramento Christus est. On the contrary, Ambrose says (De Officiis): Christ is in this sacrament. Respondeo dicendum quod omnino necesse est confiteri secundum fidem Catholicam quod totus Christus sit in hoc sacramento. Sciendum tamen quod aliquid Christi est in hoc sacramento dupliciter, uno modo, quasi ex vi sacramenti; alio modo, ex naturali concomitantia. Ex vi quidem sacramenti, est sub speciebus huius sacramenti id in quod directe convertitur substantia panis et vini praeexistens, prout significatur per verba formae, quae sunt effectiva in hoc sacramento sicut et in ceteris, puta cum dicitur, hoc est corpus meum, hic est sanguis meus. Ex naturali autem concomitantia est in hoc sacramento illud quod realiter est coniunctum ei in quod praedicta conversio terminatur. Si enim aliqua duo sunt realiter coniuncta, ubicumque est unum realiter, oportet et aliud esse, sola enim operatione animae discernuntur quae realiter sunt coniuncta. I answer that, It is absolutely necessary to confess according to Catholic faith that the entire Christ is in this sacrament. Yet we must know that there is something of Christ in this sacrament in a twofold manner: first, as it were, by the power of the sacrament; second, from natural concomitance. By the power of the sacrament, there is under the species of this sacrament that into which the pre-existing substance of the bread and wine is changed, as expressed by the words of the form, which are effective in this as in the other sacraments; for instance, by the words: This is My body, or, This is My blood. But from natural concomitance there is also in this sacrament that which is really united with that thing wherein the aforesaid conversion is terminated. For if any two things be really united, then wherever the one is really, there must the other also be: since things really united together are only distinguished by an operation of the mind. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, quia conversio panis et vini non terminatur ad divinitatem vel animam Christi, consequens est quod divinitas vel anima Christi non sit in hoc sacramento ex vi sacramenti, sed ex reali concomitantia. Quia enim divinitas corpus assumptum nunquam deposuit, ubicumque est corpus Christi, necesse est et eius divinitatem esse. Et ideo in hoc sacramento necesse est esse divinitatem Christi concomitantem eius corpus. Unde in symbolo Ephesino legitur, participes efficimur corporis et sanguinis Christi, non ut communem carnem percipientes, nec viri sanctificati et verbo coniuncti secundum dignitatis unitatem, sed vere vivificatricem, et ipsius verbi propriam factam. Reply Obj. 1: Because the change of the bread and wine is not terminated at the Godhead or the soul of Christ, it follows as a consequence that the Godhead or the soul of Christ is in this sacrament not by the power of the sacrament, but from real concomitance. For since the Godhead never set aside the assumed body, wherever the body of Christ is, there, of necessity, must the Godhead be; and therefore it is necessary for the Godhead to be in this sacrament concomitantly with His body. Hence we read in the profession of faith at Ephesus (P. I., chap. xxvi): We are made partakers of the body and blood of Christ, not as taking common flesh, nor as of a holy man united to the Word in dignity, but the truly life-giving flesh of the Word Himself. Anima vero realiter separata fuit a corpore, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo, si in illo triduo mortis fuisset hoc sacramentum celebratum, non fuisset ibi anima, nec ex vi sacramenti nec ex reali concomitantia. Sed quia Christus resurgens ex mortuis iam non moritur, ut dicitur Rom. VI, anima eius semper est realiter corpori unita. Et ideo in hoc sacramento corpus quidem Christi est ex vi sacramenti, anima autem ex reali concomitantia. On the other hand, His soul was truly separated from His body, as stated above (Q. 50, A. 5). And therefore had this sacrament been celebrated during those three days when He was dead, the soul of Christ would not have been there, neither by the power of the sacrament, nor from real concomitance. But since Christ rising from the dead dieth now no more (Rom 6:9), His soul is always really united with His body. And therefore in this sacrament the body indeed of Christ is present by the power of the sacrament, but His soul from real concomitance. Ad secundum dicendum quod ex vi sacramenti sub hoc sacramento continetur, quantum ad species panis, non solum caro, sed totum corpus Christi, idest ossa et nervi et alia huiusmodi. Et hoc apparet ex forma huius sacramenti, in qua non dicitur, haec est caro mea, sed, hoc est corpus meum. Et ideo, cum dominus dixit, Ioan. VI, caro mea vere est cibus, caro ponitur ibi pro toto corpore, quia, secundum consuetudinem humanam, videtur esse magis manducationi accommodata, prout scilicet homines carnibus animalium vescuntur communiter, non ossibus vel aliis huiusmodi. Reply Obj. 2: By the power of the sacrament there is contained under it, as to the species of the bread, not only the flesh, but the entire body of Christ, that is, the bones the nerves, and the like. And this is apparent from the form of this sacrament, wherein it is not said: This is My flesh, but This is My body. Accordingly, when our Lord said (John 6:56): My flesh is meat indeed, there the word flesh is put for the entire body, because according to human custom it seems to be more adapted for eating, as men commonly are fed on the flesh of animals, but not on the bones or the like. Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, facta conversione panis in corpus Christi vel vini in sanguinem, accidentia utriusque remanent. Ex quo patet quod dimensiones panis vel vini non convertuntur in dimensiones corporis Christi, sed substantia in substantiam. Et sic substantia corporis Christi vel sanguinis est in hoc sacramento ex vi sacramenti, non autem dimensiones corporis vel sanguinis Christi. Unde patet quod corpus Christi est in hoc sacramento per modum substantiae, et non per modum quantitatis. Propria autem totalitas substantiae continetur indifferenter in parva vel magna quantitate, sicut tota natura aeris in magno vel parvo aere, et tota natura hominis in magno vel parvo homine. Unde et tota substantia corporis Christi et sanguinis continetur in hoc sacramento post consecrationem, sicut ante consecrationem continebatur ibi substantia panis et vini. Reply Obj. 3: As has been already stated (Q. 75, A. 5), after the consecration of the bread into the body of Christ, or of the wine into His blood, the accidents of both remain. From which it is evident that the dimensions of the bread or wine are not changed into the dimensions of the body of Christ, but substance into substance. And so the substance of Christ’s body or blood is under this sacrament by the power of the sacrament, but not the dimensions of Christ’s body or blood. Hence it is clear that the body of Christ is in this sacrament by way of substance, and not by way of quantity. But the proper totality of substance is contained indifferently in a small or large quantity; as the whole nature of air in a great or small amount of air, and the whole nature of a man in a big or small individual. Wherefore, after the consecration, the whole substance of Christ’s body and blood is contained in this sacrament, just as the whole substance of the bread and wine was contained there before the consecration. Articulus 2 Article 2 Utrum sub utraque specie huius sacramenti totus Christus contineatur Whether the whole Christ is contained under each species of this sacrament? Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sub utraque specie huius sacramenti totus Christus contineatur. Hoc enim sacramentum ad salutem fidelium ordinatur, non virtute specierum, sed virtute eius quod sub speciebus continetur, quia species erant etiam ante consecrationem, ex qua est virtus huius sacramenti. Si ergo nihil continetur sub una specie quod non contineatur sub alia, et totus Christus continetur sub utraque, videtur quod altera illarum superfluat in hoc sacramento. Objection 1: It seems that the whole Christ is not contained under both species of this sacrament. For this sacrament is ordained for the salvation of the faithful, not by virtue of the species, but by virtue of what is contained under the species, because the species were there even before the consecration, from which comes the power of this sacrament. If nothing, then, be contained under one species, but what is contained under the other, and if the whole Christ be contained under both, it seems that one of them is superfluous in this sacrament. Praeterea, dictum est quod sub nomine carnis omnes aliae partes corporis continentur, sicut ossa, nervi et alia huiusmodi. Sed sanguis est una partium humani corporis, sicut patet per Aristotelem, in libro animalium. Si ergo sanguis Christi continetur sub specie panis, sicut continentur ibi aliae partes corporis, non deberet seorsum sanguis consecrari, sicut neque seorsum consecratur alia pars corporis. Obj. 2: Further, it was stated above (A. 1, ad 1) that all the other parts of the body, such as the bones, nerves, and the like, are comprised under the name of flesh. But the blood is one of the parts of the human body, as Aristotle proves (De Anima Histor. i). If, then, Christ’s blood be contained under the species of bread, just as the other parts of the body are contained there, the blood ought not to be consecrated apart, just as no other part of the body is consecrated separately. Praeterea, quod iam factum est, iterum fieri non potest. Sed corpus Christi iam incoepit esse in hoc sacramento per consecrationem panis. Ergo non potest esse quod denuo incipiat esse per consecrationem vini. Et ita sub specie vini non continebitur corpus Christi; et per consequens nec totus Christus. Non ergo sub utraque specie totus Christus continetur. Obj. 3: Further, what is once in being cannot be again in becoming. But Christ’s body has already begun to be in this sacrament by the consecration of the bread. Therefore, it cannot begin again to be there by the consecration of the wine; and so Christ’s body will not be contained under the species of the wine, and accordingly neither the entire Christ. Therefore the whole Christ is not contained under each species. Sed contra est quod, I Cor. XI, super illud, calicem, dicit Glossa quod sub utraque specie, scilicet panis et vini, idem sumitur. Et ita videtur quod sub utraque specie totus Christus sit. On the contrary, The gloss on 1 Cor. 11:25, commenting on the word Chalice, says that under each species, namely, of the bread and wine, the same is received; and thus it seems that Christ is entire under each species. Respondeo dicendum certissime ex supra dictis tenendum esse quod sub utraque specie sacramenti totus est Christus, aliter tamen et aliter. Nam sub speciebus panis est quidem corpus Christi ex vi sacramenti, sanguis autem ex reali concomitantia, sicut supra dictum est de anima et divinitate Christi. Sub speciebus vero vini est quidem sanguis Christi ex vi sacramenti, corpus autem Christi ex reali concomitantia, sicut anima et divinitas, eo quod nunc sanguis Christi non est ab eius corpore separatus, sicut fuit tempore passionis et mortis. Unde, si tunc fuisset hoc sacramentum celebratum, sub speciebus panis fuisset corpus Christi sine sanguine, et sub specie vini sanguis sine corpore, sicut erat in rei veritate. I answer that, After what we have said above (A. 1), it must be held most certainly that the whole Christ is under each sacramental species yet not alike in each. For the body of Christ is indeed present under the species of bread by the power of the sacrament, while the blood is there from real concomitance, as stated above (A. 1, ad 1) in regard to the soul and Godhead of Christ; and under the species of wine the blood is present by the power of the sacrament, and His body by real concomitance, as is also His soul and Godhead: because now Christ’s blood is not separated from His body, as it was at the time of His Passion and death. Hence if this sacrament had been celebrated then, the body of Christ would have been under the species of the bread, but without the blood; and, under the species of the wine, the blood would have been present without the body, as it was then, in fact. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, quamvis totus Christus sit sub utraque specie, non tamen frustra. Nam primo quidem, hoc valet ad repraesentandam passionem Christi, in qua seorsum sanguis fuit a corpore. Unde et in forma consecrationis sanguinis fit mentio de eius effusione. Secundo, hoc est conveniens usui huius sacramenti, ut seorsum exhibeatur fidelibus corpus Christi in cibum, et sanguis in potum. Tertio, quantum ad effectum, secundum quod supra dictum est quod corpus exhibetur pro salute corporis, sanguis pro salute animae. Reply Obj. 1: Although the whole Christ is under each species, yet it is so not without purpose. For in the first place this serves to represent Christ’s Passion, in which the blood was separated from the body; hence in the form for the consecration of the blood mention is made of its shedding. Second, it is in keeping with the use of this sacrament, that Christ’s body be shown apart to the faithful as food, and the blood as drink. Third, it is in keeping with its effect, in which sense it was stated above (Q. 74, A. 1) that the body is offered for the salvation of the body, and the blood for the salvation of the soul. Ad secundum dicendum quod in passione Christi, cuius hoc sacramentum est memoriale, non fuerunt aliae partes corporis ab invicem separatae, sicut sanguis, sed corpus indissolutum permansit, secundum quod legitur Exod. XII, os non comminuetis ex eo. Et ideo in hoc sacramento seorsum consecratur sanguis a corpore, non autem alia pars ab alia. Reply Obj. 2: In Christ’s Passion, of which this is the memorial, the other parts of the body were not separated from one another, as the blood was, but the body remained entire, according to Ex. 12:46: You shall not break a bone thereof. And therefore in this sacrament the blood is consecrated apart from the body, but no other part is consecrated separately from the rest. Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, corpus Christi non est sub specie vini ex vi sacramenti, sed ex reali concomitantia. Et ideo per consecrationem vini non fit ibi corpus Christi per se, sed concomitanter. Reply Obj. 3: As stated above, the body of Christ is not under the species of wine by the power of the sacrament, but by real concomitance: and therefore by the consecration of the wine the body of Christ is not there of itself, but concomitantly. Articulus 3 Article 3 Utrum sit totus Christus sub qualibet parte specierum panis vel vini Whether Christ is entire under every part of the species of the bread and wine? Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit totus Christus sub qualibet parte specierum panis vel vini. Species enim illae dividi possunt in infinitum. Si ergo Christus totus est sub qualibet parte specierum praedictarum, sequeretur quod infinities esset in hoc sacramento. Quod est inconveniens, nam infinitum non solum repugnat naturae, sed etiam gratiae. Objection 1: It seems that Christ is not entire under every part of the species of bread and wine. Because those species can be divided infinitely. If therefore Christ be entirely under every part of the said species, it would follow that He is in this sacrament an infinite number of times: which is unreasonable; because the infinite is repugnant not only to nature, but likewise to grace. Praeterea, corpus Christi, cum sit organicum, habet partes determinate distantes, est enim de ratione organici corporis determinata distantia singularum partium ad invicem, sicut oculi ab oculo, et oculi ab aure. Sed hoc non posset esse si sub qualibet parte specierum esset totus Christus, oporteret enim quod sub qualibet parte esset quaelibet pars; et ita, ubi esset una pars, esset et alia. Non ergo potest esse quod totus Christus sit sub qualibet parte hostiae vel vini contenti in calice. Obj. 2: Further, since Christ’s is an organic body, it has parts determinately distant. For a determinate distance of the individual parts from each other is of the very nature of an organic body, as that of eye from eye, and eye from ear. But this could not be so, if Christ were entire under every part of the species; for every part would have to be under every other part, and so where one part would be, there another part would be. It cannot be then that the entire Christ is under every part of the host or of the wine contained in the chalice.