Respondeo dicendum quod Hilarius posuit, super Matth., quod Christus Iudae corpus suum et sanguinem non dedit. Et hoc quidem conveniens fuisset, considerata malitia Iudae. Sed quia Christus debuit nobis esse exemplum iustitiae, non conveniebat eius magisterio ut Iudam, occultum peccatorem, sine accusatore et evidenti probatione, ab aliorum communione separaret, ne per hoc daretur exemplum praelatis Ecclesiae similia faciendi; et ipse Iudas, inde exasperatus, sumeret occasionem peccandi. Et ideo dicendum est quod Iudas cum aliis discipulis corpus domini et sanguinem suscepit, ut dicit Dionysius in libro Eccles. Hier., et Augustinus, super Ioannem. I answer that, Hilary, in commenting on Matt. 26:17, held that Christ did not give His body and blood to Judas. And this would have been quite proper, if the malice of Judas be considered. But since Christ was to serve us as a pattern of justice, it was not in keeping with His teaching authority to sever Judas, a hidden sinner, from Communion with the others without an accuser and evident proof; lest the Church’s prelates might have an example for doing the like, and lest Judas himself being exasperated might take occasion of sinning. Therefore, it remains to be said that Judas received our Lord’s body and blood with the other disciples, as Dionysius says (Eccl. Hier. iii), and Augustine (Tract. lxii in Joan.). Ad primum ergo dicendum quod illa est ratio Hilarii ad ostendendum quod Iudas corpus Christi non sumpsit. Non tamen cogit. Quia Christus loquitur discipulis, a quorum collegio Iudas se separavit, non autem Christus eum exclusit. Et ideo Christus, quantum est in se, etiam cum Iuda vinum in regno Dei bibit, sed hoc convivium ipse Iudas repudiavit. Reply Obj. 1: This is Hilary’s argument, to show that Judas did not receive Christ’s body. But it is not cogent; because Christ is speaking to the disciples, from whose company Judas separated himself: and it was not Christ that excluded him. Therefore Christ for His part drinks the wine even with Judas in the kingdom of God; but Judas himself repudiated this banquet. Ad secundum dicendum quod Christo nota erat Iudae iniquitas sicut Deo, non autem erat sibi nota per modum quo hominibus innotescit. Et ideo Christus Iudam non repulit a communione, ut daret exemplum tales peccatores occultos non esse ab aliis sacerdotibus repellendos. Reply Obj. 2: The wickedness of Judas was known to Christ as God; but it was unknown to Him, after the manner in which men know it. Consequently, Christ did not repel Judas from Communion; so as to furnish an example that such secret sinners are not to be repelled by other priests. Ad tertium dicendum quod sine dubio Iudas sub pane intincto corpus Christi non sumpsit, sed simplicem panem. Significatur autem fortassis, ut Augustinus dicit ibidem, per panis intinctionem fictio Iudae, ut enim inficiantur, nonnulla tinguntur. Si autem bonum aliquod hic significat tinctio, scilicet dulcedinem bonitatis divinae, quia panis ex intinctione sapidior redditur, eidem bono ingratum non immerito secuta est damnatio. Et propter hanc ingratitudinem id quod est bonum, factum est ei malum, sicut accidit circa sumentes corpus Christi indigne. Reply Obj. 3: Without any doubt Judas did not receive Christ’s body in the dipped bread; he received mere bread. Yet as Augustine observes (Tract. lxii in Joan.), perchance the feigning of Judas is denoted by the dipping of the bread; just as some things are dipped to be dyed. If, however, the dipping signifies here anything good (for instance, the sweetness of the Divine goodness, since bread is rendered more savory by being dipped), then, not undeservedly, did condemnation follow his ingratitude for that same good. And owing to that ingratitude, what is good became evil to him, as happens to them who receive Christ’s body unworthily. Et, sicut Augustinus dicit ibidem, intelligendum est quod dominus iam antea distribuerat omnibus discipulis suis sacramentum corporis et sanguinis sui, ubi et ipse Iudas erat, sicut Lucas narrat. Ac deinde ad hoc ventum est, ubi, secundum narrationem Ioannis, dominus per buccellam tinctam atque porrectam suum exprimit proditorem. And as Augustine says (Tract. lxii in Joan.), it must be understood that our Lord had already distributed the sacrament of His body and blood to all His disciples, among whom was Judas also, as Luke narrates: and after that, we came to this, where, according to the relation of John, our Lord, by dipping and handing the morsel, does most openly declare His betrayer. Articulus 3 Article 3 Utrum Christus sumpserit et dederit corpus suum discipulis impassibile Whether Christ received and gave to the disciples his impassible body? Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod Christus sumpserit et dederit corpus suum discipulis impassibile. Quia super illud Matth. XVII, transfiguratus est ante illos, dicit quaedam Glossa, illud corpus quod habuit per naturam, dedit discipulis in cena, non mortale et passibile. Et Levit. II, super illud, si oblatio tua fuerit de sartagine, dicit Glossa, crux, super omnia fortis, carnem Christi, quae ante passionem non videbatur esui apta, post aptam fecit. Sed Christus dedit corpus suum ut aptum ad manducandum. Ergo dedit tale quale habuit post passionem, scilicet impassibile et immortale. Objection 1: It seems that Christ both received and gave to the disciples His impassible body. Because on Matt. 17:2, He was transfigured before them, the gloss says: He gave to the disciples at the supper that body which He had through nature, but neither mortal nor passible. And again, on Lev. 2:5, if thy oblation be from the frying-pan, the gloss says: The Cross mightier than all things made Christ’s flesh fit for being eaten, which before the Passion did not seem so suited. But Christ gave His body as suited for eating. Therefore He gave it just as it was after the Passion, that is, impassible and immortal. Praeterea, omne corpus passibile per contactum et manducationem patitur. Si ergo corpus Christi erat passibile, per contactum et comestionem discipulorum passum fuisset. Obj. 2: Further, every passible body suffers by contact and by being eaten. Consequently, if Christ’s body was passible, it would have suffered both from contact and from being eaten by the disciples. Praeterea, verba sacramentalia non sunt modo maioris virtutis quando proferuntur a sacerdote in persona Christi, quam tunc quando fuerunt prolata ab ipso Christo. Sed nunc virtute verborum sacramentalium in altari consecratur corpus Christi impassibile et immortale. Ergo multo magis tunc. Obj. 3: Further, the sacramental words now spoken by the priest in the person of Christ are not more powerful than when uttered by Christ Himself. But now by virtue of the sacramental words it is Christ’s impassible and immortal body which is consecrated upon the altar. Therefore, much more so was it then. Sed contra est quod, sicut Innocentius III dicit, tale corpus tunc dedit discipulis quale habuit. Habuit autem tunc corpus passibile et mortale. Ergo corpus passibile et mortale discipulis dedit. On the contrary, As Innocent III says (De Sacr. Alt. Myst. iv), He bestowed on the disciples His body such as it was. But then He had a passible and a mortal body. Therefore, He gave a passible and mortal body to the disciples. Respondeo dicendum quod Hugo de sancto Victore posuit quod Christus ante passionem diversis temporibus quatuor dotes corporis glorificati assumpsit, scilicet subtilitatem in nativitate, quando exivit de clauso utero virginis; agilitatem, quando siccis pedibus super mare ambulavit; claritatem, in transfiguratione; impassibilitatem, in cena, quando corpus suum tradidit discipulis ad manducandum. Et secundum hoc, dedit discipulis suis corpus impassibile et immortale. I answer that, Hugh of Saint Victor (Innocent III, De Sacr. Alt. Myst. iv), maintained, that before the Passion, Christ assumed at various times the four properties of a glorified body—namely, subtlety in His birth, when He came forth from the closed womb of the Virgin; agility, when He walked dryshod upon the sea; clarity, in the Transfiguration; and impassibility at the Last Supper, when He gave His body to the disciples to be eaten. And according to this He gave His body in an impassible and immortal condition to His disciples. Sed, quidquid sit de aliis, de quibus supra dictum est quid sentiri debeat, circa impassibilitatem tamen impossibile est esse quod dicitur. Manifestum est enim quod idem verum corpus Christi erat quod a discipulis tunc in propria specie videbatur, et in specie sacramenti sumebatur. Non autem erat impassibile secundum quod in propria specie videbatur, quinimmo erat passioni paratum. Unde nec ipsum corpus quod in specie sacramenti dabatur, impassibile erat. But whatever may be the case touching the other qualities, concerning which we have already stated what should be held (Q. 28, A. 2, ad 3; Q. 45, A. 2), nevertheless the above opinion regarding impassibility is inadmissible. For it is manifest that the same body of Christ which was then seen by the disciples in its own species, was received by them under the sacramental species. But as seen in its own species it was not impassible; nay more, it was ready for the Passion. Therefore, neither was Christ’s body impassible when given under the sacramental species. Impassibili tamen modo erat sub specie sacramenti quod in se erat passibile, sicut invisibiliter quod in se erat visibile. Sicut enim visio requirit contactum corporis quod videtur ad circumstans medium visionis, ita passio requirit contactum corporis quod patitur ad ea quae agunt. Corpus autem Christi, secundum quod est sub sacramento, ut supra dictum est, non comparatur ad ea quae circumstant mediantibus propriis dimensionibus, quibus corpora se tangunt, sed mediantibus dimensionibus specierum panis et vini. Et ideo species illae sunt quae patiuntur et videntur, non autem ipsum corpus Christi. Yet there was present in the sacrament, in an impassible manner, that which was passible of itself; just as that was there invisibly which of itself was visible. For as sight requires that the body seen be in contact with the adjacent medium of sight, so does passion require contact of the suffering body with the active agents. But Christ’s body, according as it is under the sacrament, as stated above (A. 1, ad 2; Q. 76, A. 5), is not compared with its surroundings through the intermediary of its own dimensions, whereby bodies touch each other, but through the dimensions of the bread and wine; consequently, it is those species which are acted upon and are seen, but not Christ’s own body. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod Christus dicitur non dedisse in cena corpus suum mortale et passibile, quia non dedit corporali et passibili modo. Crux autem facit carnem Christi aptam manducationi, inquantum hoc sacramentum repraesentat passionem Christi. Reply Obj. 1: Christ is said not to have given His mortal and passible body at the supper, because He did not give it in mortal and passible fashion. But the Cross made His flesh adapted for eating, inasmuch as this sacrament represents Christ’s Passion. Ad secundum dicendum quod ratio illa procederet si corpus Christi sicut erat passibile, ita passibili modo fuisset sub sacramento. Reply Obj. 2: This argument would hold, if Christ’s body, as it was passible, were also present in a passible manner in this sacrament. Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, accidentia corporis Christi sunt in hoc sacramento ex reali concomitantia, non autem ex vi sacramenti, ex qua est ibi substantia corporis Christi. Et ideo virtus verborum sacramentalium ad hoc se extendit ut sit sub hoc sacramento corpus, Christi scilicet, quibuscumque accidentibus realiter in eo existentibus. Reply Obj. 3: As stated above (Q. 76, A. 4), the accidents of Christ’s body are in this sacrament by real concomitance, but not by the power of the sacrament, whereby the substance of Christ’s body comes to be there. And therefore the power of the sacramental words extends to this, that the body, i.e., Christ’s, is under this sacrament, whatever accidents really exist in it. Articulus 4 Article 4 Utrum si hoc sacramentum tempore mortis Christi fuisset servatum in pyxide, vel ab aliquo apostolorum consecratum, ibi moreretur Whether, if this sacrament had been reserved in a pyx, or consecrated at the moment of Christ’s Death by one of the apostles, Christ himself would have died there? Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod, si hoc sacramentum tempore mortis Christi fuisset servatum in pyxide, vel ab aliquo apostolorum consecratum, non ibi moreretur. Mors enim Christi accidit per eius passionem. Sed Christus impassibili modo etiam tunc erat in hoc sacramento. Ergo non poterat mori in hoc sacramento. Objection 1: It seems that if this sacrament had been reserved in a pyx at the moment of Christ’s death, or had then been consecrated by one of the apostles, that Christ would not have died there. For Christ’s death happened through His Passion. But even then He was in this sacrament in an impassible manner. Therefore, He could not die in this sacrament. Praeterea, in morte Christi separatus fuit sanguis eius a corpore. Sed in hoc sacramento simul est corpus Christi et sanguis. Ergo Christus in hoc sacramento non moreretur. Obj. 2: Further, on the death of Christ, His blood was separated from the body. But His flesh and blood are together in this sacrament. Therefore He could not die in this sacrament. Praeterea, mors accidit per separationem animae a corpore. Sed in hoc sacramento continetur tam corpus Christi quam anima. Ergo in hoc sacramento non poterat Christus mori. Obj. 3: Further, death ensues from the separation of the soul from the body. But both the body and the soul of Christ are contained in this sacrament. Therefore Christ could not die in this sacrament. Sed contra est quod idem Christus qui erat in cruce, fuisset in sacramento. Sed in cruce moriebatur. Ergo et in sacramento conservato moreretur. On the contrary, The same Christ Who was upon the cross would have been in this sacrament. But He died upon the cross. Therefore, if this sacrament had been reserved, He would have died therein. Respondeo dicendum quod corpus Christi idem in substantia est in hoc sacramento et in propria specie, sed non eodem modo, nam in propria specie contingit circumstantia corpora per proprias dimensiones, non autem prout est in hoc sacramento, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo quidquid pertinet ad Christum secundum quod est in se, potest attribui ei et in propria specie et in sacramento existenti, sicut vivere, mori, dolere, animatum vel inanimatum esse, et cetera huiusmodi. Quaecumque vero conveniunt ei per comparationem ad corpora extrinseca, possunt ei attribui in propria specie existenti, non autem prout est in sacramento, sicut irrideri, conspui, crucifigi, flagellari, et cetera huiusmodi. Unde quidam metrice dixerunt, pyxide servato poteris sociare dolorem innatum, sed non illatus convenit illi. I answer that, Christ’s body is substantially the same in this sacrament, as in its proper species, but not after the same fashion; because in its proper species it comes in contact with surrounding bodies by its own dimensions: but it does not do so as it is in this sacrament, as stated above (A. 3). And therefore, all that belongs to Christ, as He is in Himself, can be attributed to Him both in His proper species, and as He exists in the sacrament; such as to live, to die, to grieve, to be animate or inanimate, and the like; while all that belongs to Him in relation to outward bodies, can be attributed to Him as He exists in His proper species, but not as He is in this sacrament; such as to be mocked, to be spat upon, to be crucified, to be scourged, and the rest. Hence some have composed this verse: Our Lord can grieve beneath the sacramental veils, But cannot feel the piercing of the thorns and nails. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, passio convenit corpori passo per comparationem ad agens extrinsecum. Et ideo Christus, secundum quod est sub sacramento, pati non potest. Potest tamen mori. Reply Obj. 1: As was stated above, suffering belongs to a body that suffers in respect of some extrinsic body. And therefore Christ, as in this sacrament, cannot suffer; yet He can die. Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, sub specie panis est corpus Christi ex vi consecrationis, sanguis autem sub specie vini. Sed nunc quidem, quando realiter sanguis Christi non est separatus ab eius corpore, ex reali concomitantia et sanguis Christi est sub specie panis simul cum corpore, et corpus sub specie vini simul cum sanguine. Sed, si in tempore passionis Christi, quando realiter sanguis fuit separatus a corpore, fuisset hoc sacramentum consecratum, sub specie panis fuisset solum corpus, et sub specie vini fuisset solus sanguis. Reply Obj. 2: As was said above (Q. 76, A. 2), in virtue of the consecration, the body of Christ is under the species of bread, while His blood is under the species of wine. But now that His blood is not really separated from His body; by real concomitance, both His blood is present with the body under the species of the bread, and His body together with the blood under the species of the wine. But at the time when Christ suffered, when His blood was really separated from His body, if this sacrament had been consecrated, then the body only would have been present under the species of the bread, and the blood only under the species of the wine. Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, anima Christi est in hoc sacramento ex reali concomitantia, quia non est sine corpore, non autem ex vi consecrationis. Et ideo, si tunc fuisset hoc sacramentum consecratum vel servatum quando anima erat a corpore realiter separata, non fuisset anima Christi sub hoc sacramento, non propter defectum virtutis verborum sed propter aliam dispositionem rei. Reply Obj. 3: As was observed above (Q. 76, A. 1, ad 1), Christ’s soul is in this sacrament by real concomitance; because it is not without the body: but it is not there in virtue of the consecration. And therefore, if this sacrament had been consecrated then, or reserved, when His soul was really separated from His body, Christ’s soul would not have been under this sacrament, not from any defect in the form of the words, but owing to the different dispositions of the thing contained. Quaestio 82 Question 82 De ministro huius sacramenti The Minister of This Sacrament Deinde considerandum est de ministro huius sacramenti. Et circa hoc quaeruntur decem. We now proceed to consider the minister of this sacrament: under which head there are ten points for our inquiry: Primo, utrum consecrare hoc sacramentum sit proprium sacerdotis. (1) Whether it belongs to a priest alone to consecrate this sacrament? Secundo, utrum plures sacerdotes simul possent eandem hostiam consecrare. (2) Whether several priests can at the same time consecrate the same host? Tertio, utrum dispensatio huius sacramenti pertineat ad solum sacerdotem. (3) Whether it belongs to the priest alone to dispense this sacrament? Quarto, utrum liceat sacerdoti consecranti a communione abstinere. (4) Whether it is lawful for the priest consecrating to refrain from communicating? Quinto, utrum liceat sacerdoti omnino a celebratione abstinere. (5) Whether a priest may lawfully refrain altogether from celebrating? Sexto, utrum sacerdos peccator possit conficere hoc sacramentum. (6) Whether the Mass of a wicked priest is of less value than that of a good one?