Ad quintum dicendum quod in hoc sacramento maior devotio requiritur quam in aliis sacramentis, propter hoc quod in hoc sacramento totus Christus continetur. Et etiam communior, quia in hoc sacramento requiritur devotio totius populi, pro quo sacrificium offertur, et non solum percipientium sacramentum, sicut in aliis sacramentis. Et ideo, sicut Cyprianus dicit, sacerdos, praefatione praemissa, parat fratrum mentes, dicendo, sursum corda, ut, dum respondet plebs, habemus ad dominum, admoneatur nihil aliud se cogitare quam Deum. Reply Obj. 5: Greater devotion is required in this sacrament than in the others, for the reason that the entire Christ is contained therein. Moreover, this sacrament requires a more general devotion, i.e., on the part of the whole people, since for them it is offered; and not merely on the part of the recipients, as in the other sacraments. Hence Cyprian observes (De Orat. Domin. 31), The priest, in saying the Preface, disposes the souls of the brethren by saying, ‘Lift up your hearts,’ and when the people answer—‘We have lifted them up to the Lord,’ let them remember that they are to think of nothing else but God. Ad sextum dicendum quod in hoc sacramento, sicut dictum est, tanguntur ea quae pertinent ad totam Ecclesiam. Et ideo quaedam dicuntur a choro, quae pertinent ad populum. Quorum quaedam chorus totaliter prosequitur, quae scilicet toti populo inspirantur. Quaedam vero populus prosequitur, sacerdote inchoante, qui personam Dei gerit, in signum quod talia pervenerunt ad populum ex revelatione divina, sicut fides et gloria caelestis. Et ideo sacerdos inchoat symbolum fidei et gloria in excelsis Deo. Quaedam vero dicuntur per ministros, sicut doctrina novi et veteris testamenti, in signum quod per ministros a Deo missos est haec doctrina populis nuntiata. Quaedam vero sacerdos solus prosequitur, quae scilicet ad proprium officium sacerdotis pertinent, ut scilicet dona et preces offerat pro populo, sicut dicitur Heb. V. In his tamen quaedam dicit publice, quae scilicet pertinent et ad sacerdotem et ad populum, sicut sunt orationes communes. Quaedam vero pertinent ad solum sacerdotem, sicut oblatio et consecratio. Et ideo quae circa haec sunt dicenda occulte a sacerdote dicuntur. In utrisque tamen excitat attentionem populi, dicendo, dominus vobiscum; et expectat assensum dicentium, amen. Et ideo in his quae secreto dicuntur, publice praemittit, dominus vobiscum, et subiungit, per omnia saecula saeculorum. Vel secrete aliqua sacerdos dicit in signum quod, circa Christi passionem, discipuli non nisi occulte Christum confitebantur. Reply Obj. 6: As was said above (ad 3), those things are mentioned in this sacrament which belong to the entire Church; and consequently some things which refer to the people are sung by the choir, and some of these words are all sung by the choir, as though inspiring the entire people with them; and there are other words which the priest begins and the people take up, the priest then acting as in the person of God; to show that the things they denote have come to the people through Divine revelation, such as faith and heavenly glory; and therefore the priest intones the Creed and the Gloria in excelsis Deo. Other words are uttered by the ministers, such as the doctrine of the Old and New Testament, as a sign that this doctrine was announced to the peoples through ministers sent by God. And there are other words which the priest alone recites, namely, such as belong to his personal office, that he may offer up gifts and prayers for the people (Heb 5:1). Some of these, however, he says aloud, namely, such as are common to priest and people alike, such as the common prayers; other words, however, belong to the priest alone, such as the oblation and the consecration; consequently, the prayers that are said in connection with these have to be said by the priest in secret. Nevertheless, in both he calls the people to attention by saying: The Lord be with you, and he waits for them to assent by saying Amen. And therefore before the secret prayers he says aloud, The Lord be with you, and he concludes, For ever and ever. Or the priest secretly pronounces some of the words as a token that regarding Christ’s Passion the disciples acknowledged Him only in secret. Ad septimum dicendum quod efficacia verborum sacramentalium impediri potest per intentionem sacerdotis. Nec tamen est inconveniens quod a Deo petamus id quod certissime scimus ipsum facturum, sicut Christus, Ioan. XVII, petiit suam clarificationem. Reply Obj. 7: The efficacy of the sacramental words can be hindered by the priest’s intention. Nor is there anything unbecoming in our asking of God for what we know He will do, just as Christ (John 17:1, 5) asked for His glorification. Non tamen ibi videtur sacerdos orare ut consecratio impleatur, sed ut nobis fiat fructuosa, unde signanter dicit, ut nobis corpus et sanguis fiat. Et hoc significant verba quae praemittit dicens, hanc oblationem facere digneris benedictam, secundum Augustinum, idest, per quam benedicimur, scilicet per gratiam; adscriptam, idest, per quam in caelo adscribimur; ratam, idest, per quam visceribus Christi censeamur; rationabilem, idest, per quam a bestiali sensu exuamur; acceptabilem, idest, ut, qui nobis ipsis displicemus, per hanc acceptabiles eius unico filio simus. But the priest does not seem to pray there for the consecration to be fulfilled, but that it may be fruitful in our regard, hence he says expressively: That it may become to us the body and the blood. Again, the words preceding these have that meaning, when he says: Vouchsafe to make this oblation blessed, i.e., according to Augustine (Paschasius, De Corp. et Sang. Dom. xii), that we may receive a blessing, namely, through grace; ‘enrolled,’ i.e., that we may be enrolled in heaven; ‘ratified,’ i.e., that we may be incorporated in Christ; ‘reasonable,’ i.e., that we may be stripped of our animal sense; ‘acceptable,’ i.e., that we who in ourselves are displeasing, may, by its means, be made acceptable to His only Son. Ad octavum dicendum quod, licet hoc sacrificium ex seipso praeferatur omnibus antiquis sacrificiis, tamen sacrificia antiquorum fuerunt Deo acceptissima ex eorum devotione. Petit ergo sacerdos ut hoc sacrificium acceptetur Deo ex devotione offerentium, sicut illa accepta fuerunt Deo. Reply Obj. 8: Although this sacrament is of itself preferable to all ancient sacrifices, yet the sacrifices of the men of old were most acceptable to God on account of their devotion. Consequently the priest asks that this sacrifice may be accepted by God through the devotion of the offerers, just as the former sacrifices were accepted by Him. Ad nonum dicendum quod sacerdos non petit quod species sacramentales deferantur in caelum; neque corpus Christi verum, quod ibi esse non desinit. Sed petit hoc pro corpore mystico, quod scilicet in hoc sacramento significatur, ut scilicet orationes et populi et sacerdotis Angelus assistens divinis mysteriis Deo repraesentet; secundum illud Apoc. VIII, ascendit fumus incensorum de oblationibus sanctorum de manu Angeli. Sublime autem altare Dei dicitur vel ipsa Ecclesia triumphans, in quam transferri petimus, vel ipse Deus, cuius participationem petimus; de hoc enim altari dicitur Exod. XX, non ascendes ad altare meum per gradus, idest, in Trinitate gradus non facies. Vel per Angelum intelligitur ipse Christus, qui est magni consilii Angelus, qui corpus suum mysticum Deo patri coniungit et Ecclesiae triumphanti. Reply Obj. 9: The priest does not pray that the sacramental species may be borne up to heaven; nor that Christ’s true body may be borne thither, for it does not cease to be there; but he offers this prayer for Christ’s mystical body, which is signified in this sacrament, that the angel standing by at the Divine mysteries may present to God the prayers of both priest and people, according to Apoc. 8:4: And the smoke of the incense of the prayers of the saints ascended up before God, from the hand of the angel. But God’s altar on high means either the Church triumphant, unto which we pray to be translated, or else God Himself, in Whom we ask to share; because it is said of this altar (Exod 20:26): Thou shalt not go up by steps unto My altar, i.e., thou shalt make no steps towards the Trinity. Or else by the angel we are to understand Christ Himself, Who is the Angel of great counsel (Isa 9:6: Septuagint), Who unites His mystical body with God the Father and the Church triumphant. Et propter hoc etiam Missa nominatur. Quia per Angelum sacerdos preces ad Deum mittit, sicut populus per sacerdotem. Vel quia Christus est hostia nobis missa. Unde et in fine Missae diaconus in festis diebus populum licentiat, dicens, ite, Missa est, scilicet hostia ad Deum per Angelum, ut scilicet sit Deo accepta. And from this the mass derives its name (missa); because the priest sends (mittit) his prayers up to God through the angel, as the people do through the priest, or else because Christ is the victim sent (missa) to us: accordingly the deacon on festival days dismisses the people at the end of the mass, by saying: Ite, missa est, that is, the victim has been sent (missa est) to God through the angel, so that it may be accepted by God. Articulus 5 Article 5 Utrum ea quae in celebratione huius sacramenti aguntur, sunt convenientia Whether the actions performed in celebrating this sacrament are becoming? Ad quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ea quae in celebratione huius sacramenti aguntur, non sunt convenientia. Hoc enim sacramentum ad novum testamentum pertinet, ut ex forma ipsius apparet. In novo autem testamento non sunt observandae caeremoniae veteris testamenti. Ad quas pertinebat quod sacerdos et ministri aqua lavabantur quando accedebant ad offerendum, legitur enim Exod. XXX, lavabunt Aaron et filii eius manus suas ac pedes quando ingressuri sunt ad altare. Non est ergo conveniens quod sacerdos lavet manus suas inter Missarum solemnia. Objection 1: It seems that the actions performed in celebrating this mystery are not becoming. For, as is evident from its form, this sacrament belongs to the New Testament. But under the New Testament the ceremonies of the old are not to be observed, such as that the priests and ministers were purified with water when they drew nigh to offer up the sacrifice: for we read (Exod 30:19, 20): Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and feet . . . when they are going into the tabernacle of the testimony . . . and when they are to come to the altar. Therefore it is not fitting that the priest should wash his hands when celebrating mass. Praeterea, ibidem dominus mandavit quod sacerdos adoleret incensum suave fragrans super altare quod erat ante propitiatorium. Quod etiam pertinebat ad caeremoniam veteris testamenti. Inconvenienter ergo sacerdos in Missa thurificatione utitur. Obj. 2: Further, (Exod 30:7), the Lord commanded Aaron to burn sweet-smelling incense upon the altar which was before the propitiatory: and the same action was part of the ceremonies of the Old Law. Therefore it is not fitting for the priest to use incense during mass. Praeterea, ea quae in sacramentis Ecclesiae aguntur, non sunt iteranda. Inconvenienter ergo sacerdos iterat crucesignationes super hoc sacramentum. Obj. 3: Further, the ceremonies performed in the sacraments of the Church ought not to be repeated. Consequently it is not proper for the priest to repeat the sign of the cross many times over this sacrament. Praeterea, apostolus dicit, Heb. VII, sine ulla contradictione, quod minus est a maiori benedicitur. Sed Christus, qui est in hoc sacramento post consecrationem, est multo maior sacerdote. Inconvenienter igitur sacerdos post consecrationem benedicit hoc sacramentum cruce signando. Obj. 4: Further, the Apostle says (Heb 7:7): And without all contradiction, that which is less, is blessed by the better. But Christ, Who is in this sacrament after the consecration, is much greater than the priest. Therefore quite unseemingly the priest, after the consecration, blesses this sacrament, by signing it with the cross. Praeterea, in sacramento Ecclesiae nihil debet fieri quod ridiculosum videatur. Videtur autem ridiculosum gesticulationes facere, ad quas pertinere videtur quod sacerdos quandoque brachia extendit, manus iungit, digitos complicat, et seipsum incurvat. Ergo hoc non debet fieri in hoc sacramento. Obj. 5: Further, nothing which appears ridiculous ought to be done in one of the Church’s sacraments. But it seems ridiculous to perform gestures, e.g., for the priest to stretch out his arms at times, to join his hands, to join together his fingers, and to bow down. Consequently, such things ought not to be done in this sacrament. Praeterea, ridiculosum etiam videtur quod sacerdos multoties se ad populum vertit, multoties etiam populum salutat. Non ergo debent haec fieri in celebratione huius sacramenti. Obj. 6: Further, it seems ridiculous for the priest to turn round frequently towards the people, and often to greet the people. Consequently, such things ought not to be done in the celebration of this sacrament. Praeterea, apostolus, I Cor. I, pro inconvenienti habet quod Christus sit divisus. Sed post consecrationem Christus est in hoc sacramento. Inconvenienter igitur hostia frangitur a sacerdote. Obj. 7: Further, the Apostle (1 Cor 13) deems it improper for Christ to be divided. But Christ is in this sacrament after the consecration. Therefore it is not proper for the priest to divide the host. Praeterea, ea quae in hoc sacramento aguntur, passionem Christi repraesentant. Sed in passione Christi corpus fuit divisum in locis quinque vulnerum. Ergo corpus Christi in quinque partes frangi debet, magis quam in tres. Obj. 8: Further, the ceremonies performed in this sacrament represent Christ’s Passion. But during the Passion Christ’s body was divided in the places of the five wounds. Therefore Christ’s body ought to be broken into five parts rather than into three. Praeterea, totum corpus Christi in hoc sacramento seorsum consecratur a sanguine. Inconvenienter igitur una pars eius sanguini miscetur. Obj. 9: Further, Christ’s entire body is consecrated in this sacrament apart from the blood. Consequently, it is not proper for a particle of the body to be mixed with the blood. Praeterea, sicut corpus Christi proponitur in hoc sacramento ut cibus, ita et sanguis Christi ut potus. Sed sumptioni corporis Christi non adiungitur in celebratione Missae alius corporalis cibus. Inconvenienter igitur sacerdos, post sumptionem sanguinis Christi, vinum non consecratum sumit. Obj. 10: Further, just as, in this sacrament, Christ’s body is set before us as food, so is His blood, as drink. But in receiving Christ’s body no other bodily food is added in the celebration of the mass. Therefore, it is out of place for the priest, after taking Christ’s blood, to receive other wine which is not consecrated. Praeterea, veritas debet respondere figurae. Sed de agno paschali, qui fuit figura huius sacramenti, mandatur quod non remaneret ex eo quidquam usque mane. Inconvenienter ergo hostiae consecratae reservantur, et non statim sumuntur. Obj. 11: Further, the truth ought to be conformable with the figure. But regarding the Paschal Lamb, which was a figure of this sacrament, it was commanded that nothing of it should remain until the morning. It is improper therefore for consecrated hosts to be reserved, and not consumed at once. Praeterea, sacerdos pluraliter loquitur audientibus, puta cum dicit, dominus vobiscum, et, gratias agamus. Sed inconveniens videtur pluraliter loqui uni soli, et maxime minori. Ergo inconveniens videtur quod sacerdos, uno tantum ministro praesente, celebret Missam. Sic igitur videtur quod inconvenienter aliqua agantur in celebratione huius sacramenti. Obj. 12: Further, the priest addresses in the plural number those who are hearing mass, when he says, The Lord be with you: and, Let us return thanks. But it is out of keeping to address one individual in the plural number, especially an inferior. Consequently it seems unfitting for a priest to say mass with only a single server present. Therefore in the celebration of this sacrament it seems that some of the things done are out of place. Sed in contrarium est Ecclesiae consuetudo, quae errare non potest, utpote spiritu sancto instructa. On the contrary, The custom of the Church stands for these things: and the Church cannot err, since she is taught by the Holy Spirit. Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in sacramentis aliquid dupliciter significatur, scilicet verbis et factis, ad hoc quod sit perfectior significatio. Significantur autem verbis in celebratione huius sacramenti quaedam pertinentia ad passionem Christi, quae repraesentatur in hoc sacramento; vel etiam ad corpus mysticum, quod significatur in hoc sacramento; et quaedam pertinentia ad usum sacramenti, qui debet esse cum devotione et reverentia. Et ideo in celebratione huius mysterii quaedam aguntur ad repraesentandum passionem Christi; vel etiam dispositionem corporis mystici; et quaedam aguntur pertinentia ad devotionem et reverentiam usus huius sacramenti. I answer that, As was said above (Q. 60, A. 6), there is a twofold manner of signification in the sacraments, by words, and by actions, in order that the signification may thus be more perfect. Now, in the celebration of this sacrament words are used to signify things pertaining to Christ’s Passion, which is represented in this sacrament; or again, pertaining to Christ’s mystical body, which is signified therein; and again, things pertaining to the use of this sacrament, which use ought to be devout and reverent. Consequently, in the celebration of this mystery some things are done in order to represent Christ’s Passion, or the disposing of His mystical body, and some others are done which pertain to the devotion and reverence due to this sacrament. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod ablutio manuum fit in celebratione Missae propter reverentiam huius sacramenti. Et hoc dupliciter. Primo quidem, quia aliqua pretiosa tractare non consuevimus nisi manibus ablutis. Unde indecens videtur quod ad tantum sacramentum aliquis accedat manibus, etiam corporaliter, inquinatis. Secundo, propter significationem. Quia, ut Dionysius dicit, III cap. Eccles. Hier., extremitatum ablutio significat emundationem etiam a minimis peccatis, secundum illud Ioan. XIII, qui lotus est, non indiget nisi ut pedes lavet. Et talis emundatio requiritur ab eo qui accedit ad hoc sacramentum. Quod etiam significatur per confessionem quae fit ante introitum Missae. Et hoc idem significabat ablutio sacerdotum in veteri lege, ut ibidem Dionysius dicit. Nec tamen Ecclesia hoc servat tanquam caeremoniale veteris legis praeceptum, sed quasi ab Ecclesia institutum, sicut quiddam secundum se conveniens. Et ideo non eodem modo observatur sicut tunc. Praetermittitur enim pedum ablutio, et servatur ablutio manuum, quae potest fieri magis in promptu, et quae sufficit ad significandam perfectam munditiam. Cum enim manus sit organum organorum, ut dicitur in III de anima, omnia opera attribuuntur manibus. Unde et in Psalmo dicitur, lavabo inter innocentes manus meas. Reply Obj. 1: The washing of the hands is done in the celebration of mass out of reverence for this sacrament; and this for two reasons: first, because we are not wont to handle precious objects except the hands be washed; hence it seems indecent for anyone to approach so great a sacrament with hands that are, even literally, unclean. Second, on account of its signification, because, as Dionysius says (Eccl. Hier. iii), the washing of the extremities of the limbs denotes cleansing from even the smallest sins, according to John 13:10: He that is washed needeth not but to wash his feet. And such cleansing is required of him who approaches this sacrament; and this is denoted by the confession which is made before the Introit of the mass. Moreover, this was signified by the washing of the priests under the Old Law, as Dionysius says (Eccl. Hier. iii). However, the Church observes this ceremony, not because it was prescribed under the Old Law, but because it is becoming in itself, and therefore instituted by the Church. Hence it is not observed in the same way as it was then: because the washing of the feet is omitted, and the washing of the hands is observed; for this can be done more readily, and suffices for denoting perfect cleansing. For, since the hand is the organ of organs (De Anima iii), all works are attributed to the hands: hence it is said in Ps. 25:6: I will wash my hands among the innocent. Ad secundum dicendum quod thurificatione non utimur quasi caeremoniali praecepto legis, sed sicut Ecclesiae statuto. Unde non eodem modo utimur sicut in veteri lege erat statutum. Pertinet autem ad duo. Primo quidem, ad reverentiam huius sacramenti, ut scilicet per bonum odorem depellatur si quid corporaliter pravi odoris in loco fuerit, quod posset provocare horrorem. Secundo, pertinet ad repraesentandum effectum gratiae, qua, sicut bono odore, Christus plenus fuit, secundum illud Gen. XXVII, ecce, odor filii mei sicut odor agri pleni; et a Christo derivatur ad fideles officio ministrorum, secundum illud II Cor. II, odorem notitiae suae spargit per nos in omni loco. Et ideo, undique thurificato altari, per quod Christus designatur, thurificantur omnes per ordinem. Reply Obj. 2: We use incense, not as commanded by a ceremonial precept of the Law, but as prescribed by the Church; accordingly we do not use it in the same fashion as it was ordered under the Old Law. It has reference to two things: first, to the reverence due to this sacrament, i.e., in order by its good odor, to remove any disagreeable smell that may be about the place; second, it serves to show the effect of grace, wherewith Christ was filled as with a good odor, according to Gen. 27:27: Behold, the odor of my son is like the odor of a ripe field; and from Christ it spreads to the faithful by the work of His ministers, according to 2 Cor. 2:14: He manifesteth the odor of his knowledge by us in every place; and therefore when the altar which represents Christ, has been incensed on every side, then all are incensed in their proper order. Ad tertium dicendum quod sacerdos in celebratione Missae utitur crucesignatione ad exprimendam passionem Christi, quae ad crucem est terminata. Est autem passio Christi quibusdam quasi gradibus peracta. Nam primo fuit Christi traditio, quae facta est a Deo, a Iuda, et a Iudaeis. Quod significat trina crucesignatio super illa verba, haec dona, haec munera, haec sancta sacrificia illibata. Reply Obj. 3: The priest, in celebrating the mass, makes use of the sign of the cross to signify Christ’s Passion which was ended upon the cross. Now, Christ’s Passion was accomplished in certain stages. First of all there was Christ’s betrayal, which was the work of God, of Judas, and of the Jews; and this is signified by the triple sign of the cross at the words, These gifts, these presents, these holy unspotted sacrifices. Secundo fuit Christi venditio. Est autem venditus sacerdotibus, Scribis et Pharisaeis. Ad quod significandum fit iterum trina crucesignatio super illa verba, benedictam, adscriptam, ratam. Vel ad ostendendum pretium venditionis, scilicet triginta denarios. Additur autem et duplex super illa verba, ut nobis corpus et sanguis, etc., ad designandam personam Iudae venditoris et Christi venditi. Second, there was the selling of Christ. Now he was sold to the Priests, to the Scribes, and to the Pharisees: and to signify this the threefold sign of the cross is repeated, at the words, blessed, enrolled, ratified. Or again, to signify the price for which He was sold, viz. thirty pence. And a double cross is added at the words—that it may become to us the Body and the Blood, etc., to signify the person of Judas the seller, and of Christ Who was sold. Tertio autem fuit praesignatio Passionis Christi facta in cena. Ad quod designandum, fiunt tertio duae cruces, una in consecratione corporis, alia in consecratione sanguinis, ubi utrobique dicitur benedixit. Third, there was the foreshadowing of the Passion at the Last Supper. To denote this, in the third place, two crosses are made, one in consecrating the body, the other in consecrating the blood; each time while saying, He blessed. Quarto autem fuit ipsa passio Christi. Unde, ad repraesentandum quinque plagas, fit quarto quintuplex crucesignatio super illa verba, hostiam puram, hostiam sanctam, hostiam immaculatam, panem sanctum vitae aeternae, et calicem salutis perpetuae. Fourth, there was Christ’s Passion itself. And so in order to represent His five wounds, in the fourth place, there is a fivefold signing of the cross at the words, a pure Victim, a holy Victim, a spotless Victim, the holy bread of eternal life, and the cup of everlasting salvation. Quinto, repraesentatur extensio corporis, et effusio sanguinis, et fructus passionis, per trinam crucesignationem quae fit super illis verbis, corpus et sanguinem sumpserimus, omni benedictione et cetera. Fifth, the outstretching of Christ’s body, and the shedding of the blood, and the fruits of the Passion, are signified by the triple signing of the cross at the words, as many as shall receive the body and blood, may be filled with every blessing, etc. Sexto, repraesentatur triplex oratio quam fecit in cruce, unam pro persecutoribus, cum dixit, pater, ignosce illis; secundam pro liberatione a morte, cum dixit, Deus, Deus meus, ut quid dereliquisti me? Tertia pertinet ad adeptionem gloriae, cum dixit, pater, in manus tuas commendo spiritum meum. Et ad hoc significandum, fit trina crucesignatio super illa verba, sanctificas, vivificas, benedicis, et cetera. Sixth, Christ’s threefold prayer upon the cross is represented; one for His persecutors when He said, Father, forgive them; the second for deliverance from death, when He cried, My God, My God, why hast Thou forsaken Me? the third referring to His entrance into glory, when He said, Father, into Thy hands I commend My spirit; and in order to denote these there is a triple signing with the cross made at the words, Thou dost sanctify, quicken, bless. Septimo, repraesentantur tres horae quibus pependit in cruce, scilicet a sexta hora usque ad nonam. Et ad hoc significandum, fit iterum trina crucesignatio ad illa verba, per ipsum, et cum ipso, et in ipso. Seventh, the three hours during which He hung upon the cross, that is, from the sixth to the ninth hour, are represented; in signification of which we make once more a triple sign of the cross at the words, Through Him, and with Him, and in Him. Octavo autem, repraesentatur separatio animae a corpore, per duas cruces subsequentes extra calicem factas. Eighth, the separation of His soul from the body is signified by the two subsequent crosses made over the chalice. Nono autem, repraesentatur resurrectio tertia die facta, per tres cruces quae fiunt ad illa verba, pax domini sit semper vobiscum. Ninth, the resurrection on the third day is represented by the three crosses made at the words—May the peace of the Lord be ever with you. Potest autem brevius dici quod consecratio huius sacramenti, et acceptio sacrificii, et fructus eius, procedit ex virtute crucis Christi. Et ideo, ubicumque fit mentio de aliquo horum, sacerdos crucesignatione utitur. In short, we may say that the consecration of this sacrament, and the acceptance of this sacrifice, and its fruits, proceed from the virtue of the cross of Christ, and therefore wherever mention is made of these, the priest makes use of the sign of the cross. Ad quartum dicendum quod sacerdos post consecrationem non utitur crucesignatione ad benedicendum et consecrandum, sed solum ad commemorandum virtutem crucis et modum passionis Christi, ut ex dictis patet. Reply Obj. 4: After the consecration, the priest makes the sign of the cross, not for the purpose of blessing and consecrating, but only for calling to mind the virtue of the cross, and the manner of Christ’s suffering, as is evident from what has been said (ad 3).